Cited Key Resources
Download PDF

© 2023 GESDA under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Powered By Shapeable - Privacy Policy

Cited Key Resources
Use the future to build the present
Cited Key Resources
Comment
Stakeholder Type
5.5SyntheticBiology5.4Science ofthe Originsof Life5.3FutureEconomics5.2Future ofEducation5.1ComplexSystemsScience4.4Democracy-affirming Technologies4.1Science-basedDiplomacy4.2Advances inScience Diplomacy4.3Digital Technologiesand Conflict3.7InfectiousDiseases3.6Solar RadiationModification3.5OceanStewardship3.4SpaceResources3.3Future FoodSystems3.2WorldSimulation3.1Decarbonisation2.6FutureTherapeutics2.5Organoids2.4ConsciousnessAugmentation2.3RadicalHealthExtension2.2HumanApplicationsof GeneticEngineering2.1CognitiveEnhancement1.6CollectiveIntelligence1.5AugmentedReality1.4BiologicalComputing1.3Brain-inspiredComputing1.2QuantumTechnologies1.1AdvancedAIHIGHEST ANTICIPATIONPOTENTIAL
5.5SyntheticBiology5.4Science ofthe Originsof Life5.3FutureEconomics5.2Future ofEducation5.1ComplexSystemsScience4.4Democracy-affirming Technologies4.1Science-basedDiplomacy4.2Advances inScience Diplomacy4.3Digital Technologiesand Conflict3.7InfectiousDiseases3.6Solar RadiationModification3.5OceanStewardship3.4SpaceResources3.3Future FoodSystems3.2WorldSimulation3.1Decarbonisation2.6FutureTherapeutics2.5Organoids2.4ConsciousnessAugmentation2.3RadicalHealthExtension2.2HumanApplicationsof GeneticEngineering2.1CognitiveEnhancement1.6CollectiveIntelligence1.5AugmentedReality1.4BiologicalComputing1.3Brain-inspiredComputing1.2QuantumTechnologies1.1AdvancedAIHIGHEST ANTICIPATIONPOTENTIAL

Appendices:

Cited Key Resources

    Each of the 28 scientific emerging topics described in the science breakthrough radar presents a carefully vetted overview by lead scientists of the current state-of-the-art in a given field and what could be important science breakthroughs in 5, 10 or 25 years. The descriptions of the emerging topics and related subfields draw upon evidence from key resources and publications from the scientific literature. This section provides a list of cited resources, organised by emerging topic and related sub-fields.
    Download RIS File of all Cited Resources

    Key Resources By Topic:

    1.1Advanced Artificial Intelligence
    ris
    1Kaiming He et al., , 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2015, p.1026.https://doi/10.1109/ICCV.2015.1232Oriol Vinyals et al., , arXiv:1708.04782 [cs], 2017.http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.047823Reuters Staff, , Reuters, 2020.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autonomous-waymo-idUSKBN1Z61RX4Justin Weinberg, , Daily Nous, 2020.https://dailynous.com/2020/07/30/philosophers-gpt-3/5, 2016 Report | One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100), 2016.https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report6Bart Selman, Yolanda Gil, , arXiv:1908.02624 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.026247, 2020.https://www.stateof.ai/8Sonja Zillner et al., , 2020.https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/strategic-research-innovation-and-deployment-agenda-ai-data-and-r9, The Foundation for Law and International Affairs, 2017.https://flia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/A-New-Generation-of-Artificial-Intelligence-Development-Plan-1.pdf

    1.1.1Deeper Machine Learning

    		10Kenji Kawaguchi, Leslie Pack Kaelbling, Yoshua Bengio, , arXiv:1710.05468 [cs, stat], 2020.http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.0546811Kaj Sotala, , AAAI-16 AI, Society and Ethics workshop, 2016, p.10.https://intelligence.org/files/DefiningValuesForValueLearners.pdf12Robert R. Hoffman et al., , arXiv:1812.04608 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.04608

    1.1.2Human-centred AI

    		13Mark O. Riedl, , arXiv:1901.11184 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.1118414Danica Kragic et al., , Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018, p.18.https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/3

    1.1.3Next-level AI

    		15Yaqing Wang et al., , ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 53, 2020, p.10301.https://doi.org/10.1145/338625216Artur d’Avila Garcez et al., , arXiv:1905.06088 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.0608817Gary Marcus, , arXiv:1801.00631 [cs, stat], 2018.http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00631

    1.1.4Interdisciplinary AI

    		18Hsin-Yuan Huang et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.2631.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22539-919Jacob Biamonte et al., , Nature, Vol. 549, 2017, p.195.https://doi.org10.1038/nature2347420Amira Abbas et al., , Nature Computational Science, Vol. 1, 2021, p.403.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00084-1
    1.2Quantum Technologies
    ris
    1European Quantum Flagship, , 2020.https://qt.eu//app/uploads/2020/04/Strategic_Research-_Agenda_d_FINAL.pdf2Government Office for Science, , 2016.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/quantum-technologies-blackett-review3National Science and Technology Council, , 2018.https://www.quantum.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2018_NSTC_National_Strategic_Overview_QIS.pdf4OIDA, , OIDA Reports, Vol. 3, 2020.https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OIDA-2020-3

    1.2.1Quantum Communication

    		5Juan Yin et al., , Nature, Vol. 582, 2020, p.501.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y6Yu-Ao Chen et al., , Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.214.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03093-87Jiu-Peng Chen et al., , Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, 2021, p.570.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00828-58Antonio Acín et al., , Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, 2007, p.230501.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.230501

    1.2.2Quantum Computing

    		9Frank Arute et al., , Nature, Vol. 574, 2019, p.505.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-510Iris Choi, Amir Fruchtman, , Networked Quantum Information Technologies, 2016.https://nqit.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.nqit.ox.ac.uk/files/2016-11/NQIT%20Technical%20Roadmap.pdf

    1.2.3Quantum Sensing and Imaging

    		11S. Pirandola et al., , Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, 2018, p.724.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0301-612J. M. Boss et al., , Science, Vol. 356, 2017, p.837.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7009

    1.2.4Quantum Foundations

    		13Adriana Marais et al., , Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 15, 2018, p.20180640.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.064014Francesco Petruccione, Betony Adams, , AVS Quantum Science, Vol. 2, 2020, p.22901.https://doi.org/10.1116/1.513517015Francesco Campaioli et al., , Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, 2017, p.150601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.15060116Betony Adams, , Physics World, 2021.https://physicsworld.com/do-quantum-effects-play-a-role-in-consciousness/17Na Li et al., , Anesthesiology, Vol. 129, 2018, p.271.https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.000000000000222618Jeri A. Sechzer et al., , Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 21, 1986, p.1258.https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(86)90308-2
    1.3Brain-inspired Computing
    ris
    1Dennis Christensen et al., , arXiv:2105.05956 [cond-mat], 2021, accessed 11th May 2021.http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.059562Steve Furber, , Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 13, 2016, p.51001, accessed 31st Jul 2016.https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/13/5/0510013Catherine D Schuman et al., , arXiv:1705.06963 [cs], 2017, accessed 18th May 2017.http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.069634Jack D. Kendall, Suhas Kumar, , Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 7, 2020, p.11305, accessed 29th Feb 2020.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5129306

    1.3.1Neural Network Architectures

    		5Oliver Rhodes et al., , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 378, 2020, p.20190160, accessed 6th Feb 2020.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.01606Qiao Ning et al., , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 9, 2015, accessed 31st Dec 2014.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00141

    1.3.2Neuromorphic Systems

    		7Mantas Mikaitis et al., , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 12, 2018, accessed 31st Dec 2017.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.001058Alexander N. Tait et al., , Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 2017, p.7430, accessed 6th Aug 2017.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07754-z9Xingyuan Xu et al., , Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.44, accessed 31st Dec 2020.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03063-010Mike Davies et al., , IEEE Micro, Vol. 38, 2018, p.82, accessed 31st Dec 2017.https://doi.org/10.1109/MM.2018.11213035911Filipp Akopyan et al., , IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 34, 2015, p.1537, accessed 30th Sep 2015.https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2015.2474396

    1.3.3Neural Network Algorithms

    		12Thomas Bohnstingl et al., , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 13, 2019, accessed 31st Dec 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.0048313Youhui Zhang et al., , Nature, Vol. 586, 2020, p.378, accessed 30th Sep 2020.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2782-y

    1.3.4Neuromorphic Benchmarking

    		14Mike Davies, , Nature Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1, 2019, p.386, accessed 31st Aug 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0097-115, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Neuro-inspired Computational Elements Workshop, 2019, p.1, accessed 25th Mar 2019.https://doi.org/10.1145/3320288.3320304
    1.4Biological Computing
    ris
    1Neil Dalchau et al., , Natural Computing, 2018, accessed 3rd Jun 2018.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-018-9686-x2Lewis Grozinger et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z3Oliver Purcell, Timothy K. Lu, , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Cell and Pathway Engineering, Vol. 29, 2014, p.146, accessed 30th Sep 2014.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.04.0094Jennifer A.N. Brophy, Christopher A. Voigt, , Nature Methods, Vol. 11, 2014, p.508, accessed 30th Apr 2014.https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2926

    1.4.1Bio-architectures

    		5Hyojin Kim, Daniel Bojar, Martin Fusseneger, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.7214, accessed 8th Apr 2019.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.18217401166Angel Goñi-Moreno, Pablo I. Nikel, , Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 7, 2019, accessed 31st Dec 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00040

    1.4.2Bio-computational Logic and Strategies

    		7Lewis Grozinger et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z8Dan V. Nicolau et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, 2016, p.2591, accessed 7th Mar 2016.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15108251139Javier Macia et al., , PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 12, 2016, p.1004685, accessed 31st Jan 2016.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004685

    1.4.3Programmable Bio-synthesis

    		10Airbus, , Airbus, 2020.https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/05/airbus-and-koniku-inc-embark-on-disruptive-biotechnology-solutions-for-aviation-security-operations.html11Alexis Courbet et al., , Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 7, 2015, p.28983, accessed 26th May 2015.https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3601

    1.4.4Novel Bio-computing Paradigms

    		12Lewis Grozinger et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z13John Selberg, Marcella Gomez, Marco Rolandi, , Cell Systems, Vol. 7, 2018, p.231, accessed 25th Sep 2018.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2018.08.007
    1.5Augmented Reality
    ris
    1Deloitte Insights, .https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/topics/emerging-technologies/digital-reality-technical-primer.html2Ellysse Dick, .https://itif.org/publications/2021/08/30/promise-immersive-learning-augmented-and-virtual-reality-potential3Alexandra D. Kaplan et al., , Human Factors, Vol. 63, 2021, p.706.https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208209042294Luís Fernando de Souza Cardoso, Flávia Cristina Martins, Queiroz Mariano, Ezequiel Roberto Zorzal, , Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 139, 2020, p.106159.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.1061595India – EN, , 2021.https://www.bcg.com/en-in/publications/2020/unleashing-the-power-of-data-with-iot-and-augmented-reality6CB Insights Research, , 2022.https://www.cbinsights.com/research/metaverse-market-map/7PricewaterhouseCoopers, .https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/technology/publications/economic-impact-of-vr-ar.html8Luis Muñoz-Saavedra, Lourdes Miró-Amarante, Manuel Domínguez-Morales, , Applied Sciences, 10, Vol. 1, p.322.https://doi.org/10.3390/app100103229Yunqiang Chen et al., , Journal of Physics, Vol. 1237, 2019, p.22082.https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1237/2/02208210Facebook IQ, .https://en-gb.facebook.com/business/news/insights/future-ar-vr11The Future of Privacy Forum, , 2021.https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-4.16.21-Digital.pdf

    1.5.1Augmented reality hardware

    		12Jianghao Xiong et al., , Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 10, 2021, p.216.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00658-813Kodai Matsuhashi, Toshiki Kanamoto, Atsushi Kurokawa, , Sensors, Vol. 20, 2020, p.1446.https://doi.org/10.3390/s2005144614Anton S. Kaplanyan et al., , ACM Transactions on Graphics, 38, Vol. 212, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.335655715Ismo Rakkolainen, Antti Sand, Roope Raisamo, , IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, Vol. 94, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1109/ISM46123.2019.0002216Mojo Vision, .https://www.mojo.vision/mojo-lens

    1.5.2Augmented experiences

    		17Fazliaty Edora Fadzli et al., , IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 864, 2020, p.12081.https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/864/1/01208118Zhizhong Kang et al., , ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 9, 2020, p.330.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi905033019Yulyani Arifin, Thomas Galih Sastria, Edo Barlian, , Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 135, 2018, p.648.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.22120Chandan K. Sahu, Crystal Young, Rahul Rai, , International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 59, 2021, p.4903.https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1859636

    1.5.3AR platforms

    		21Melike Erol-Kantarci, Sukhmani Sukhmani, , Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Vol. 169, 2018.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74439-1_1522ETSI COMS TEAM, .https://www.etsi.org/committee?id=1740.23Daniel Castro, , 2022.https://itif.org/publications/2022/02/28/content-moderation-multi-user-immersive-experiences-arvr-and-future-online

    1.5.4Human factors of AR

    		24Echo Chambers, .https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/echo-chambers-filter-bubbles-and-polarisation-literature-review25Alyssa N. Saiphoo, Zahra Vahedi, , Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 101, 2019, p.259.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.02826Alexandra Krugliak, Alex Clarke, , Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, 2022, p.2291.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06296-327Christine Vinci et al., , Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, Vol. 27, 2020, p.12357.https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12357
    1.6Collective Intelligence
    ris
    1Thomas W. Malone, A. Williams Woolley, , The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770422.0332M. Ryan et al., , 2020.https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/using-collective-intelligence-solve-public-problems/3K. Peach et al., .https://acceleratorlabs.undp.org/content/acceleratorlabs/en/home/library/Collective-Intelligence-Sustainable-Development-Getting-Smarter-Together.html4, 2015.https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/handbook-collective-intelligence5K. Peach, A. Berditchchevskaia, T. Bass, .https://www.nesta.org.uk/toolkit/collective-intelligence-design-playbook/6S. Suran, V. Pattanaik, D. Draheim, , ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 53, 2020, p.50496.https://doi.org/10.1145/33689867Gianni Giacomelli, .https://www.supermind.design

    1.6.1Large-scale collaboration

    		8L. See, , Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 7, 2019.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2019.0004410A. Berditchchevskaia, P. Baeck, .https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/future-minds-and-machines/11Liang Tan et al., , Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 76, 2021, p.103517.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2021.10351712A. Skarzauskiene, M. Maciuliene, D. Bar, , Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference, Vol. 3, 2021, p.10183.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63092-8_70

    1.6.2Smarter teams

    		13E. Bernstein, J. Shore, D. Lazer, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, 2018, p.8734.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.180240711514I. Aggarwal et al., , Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 2019.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0011215E. Glikson et al., , Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 2019.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0081416P. Gupta, A. Williams Woolley, , Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2, Vol. 62, 2018, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1145/327433117P. Gupta et al., , Proceedings of Collective Intelligence, 2019.https://ci.acm.org/2019/assets/proceedings/CI_2019_paper_7.pdf18L. Metcalf, D.A. Askay, L.B. Rosenberg, , California Management Review, Vol. 61, 2019, p.84.https://doi.org/10.1177/000812561986225619Michael L. Barnett et al., , JAMA Network Open, Vol. 2, 2019, p.190096.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0096

    1.6.3Collective cognition

    		20I. Momennejad, , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 377, 2022, p.20200315.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.031521C. Riedl et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, 2021, p.2005737118.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200573711822T. Millhouse, M. Moses, M. Mitchell, , 2021.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.06864

    1.6.4Human-computer interaction

    		23M. Beaudouin-Lafon, S. Bødker, W.E. Mackay, , ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 28, 2021, p.162114.https://doi.org/10.1145/346850524J. Koch et al., , Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, 2020, p.162087.https://doi.org/10.1145/339285025N.C. Rabinowitz et al., , 2018.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1802.07740
    2.1Cognitive Enhancement
    ris
    1Caterina Cinel, Davide Valeriani, Riccardo Poli, , Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.000132Jeannie-Marie S. Leoutsakos et al., , Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, Vol. 64, 2018, p.597.https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-1801213Francis R. Willett et al., , Nature, Vol. 593, 2021, p.249.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03506-24Royal Society, , The Royal Society, 2019.https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/ihuman-perspective/

    2.1.1Brain Monitoring

    		5Alexander J. Casson, , Biomedical Engineering Letters, Vol. 9, 2019, p.53.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-018-00093-66James J. Jun et al., , Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, p.232.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature246367Stephan Waldert, , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 10, 2016.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00295

    2.1.2Neuromodulation Delivery Systems

    		8Rafael Polanía, Michael A. Nitsche, Christian C. Ruff, , Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 21, 2018, p.174.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-017-0054-49Daria Antonenko et al., , Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, p.2273.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38630-710Shuo Chen et al., , Science, Vol. 359, 2018, p.679.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq114411A. Velisar et al., , Brain Stimulation, Vol. 12, 2019, p.868.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.020

    2.1.3Hybrid Cognition

    		12Sara Reardon, , Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, p.549.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.2303113Shinji Nishimoto et al., , Current Biology, Vol. 21, 2011, p.1641.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.03114T. Horikawa et al., , Science, Vol. 340, 2013, p.42.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.123433015Junhong Yu et al., , Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 104, 2019, p.43.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.02716Nobuhito Abe et al., , Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 18, 2008, p.2811.https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn037

    2.1.4Memory Modification

    		17Itzhak Fried, Emily A. Mankin, , Neuron, Vol. 106, 2020, p.218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.02418Nanthia Suthana et al., , New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 366, 2012, p.502.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa110721219Briana K. Chen et al., , Current Biology, Vol. 29, 2019, p.1885.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.06520Xu Liu et al., , Nature, Vol. 484, 2012, p.381.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1102821Stephanie Naufel et al., , Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 332, 2020, p.108539.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108539
    2.2Human Applications of Genetic Engineering
    ris
    1Steven M. Weisberg, Daniel Badgio, Anjan Chatterjee, , Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 5, 2017.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.001172National Academy of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society et al., , National Academies Press, 2020.https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25665/heritable-human-genome-editing3Giulia Cavaliere, , WHO, 2019, p.19.https://www.who.int/ethics/topics/human-genome-editing/WHO-Commissioned-Ethics-paper-March19.pdf4Krishanu Saha et al., , Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.195.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03191-15WHO, , WHO, 2021.https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030381

    2.2.1Gene-based Diagnostics and Prevention

    		6Ji Chen et al., , Nature Genetics, Vol. 53, 2021, p.840.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00852-97Muhammad Naeem et al., , Cells, Vol. 9, 2020, p.1608.https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071608

    2.2.2Gene Therapies and Enhancement

    		8Jacqueline Martin-Laffon, Marcel Kuntz, Agnès E. Ricroch, , Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 37, 2019, p.613.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0138-79Edward A. Stadtmauer et al., , Science, Vol. 367, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba736510Thomas Gaj, Charles A. Gersbach, Carlos F. Barbas, , Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 31, 2013, p.397.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.004

    2.2.3Novel Bioengineering Approaches

    		11Krzysztof Krawczyk et al., , Science, Vol. 368, 2020, p.993.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau718712Keiichi Mochida et al., , Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 9, 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01770

    2.2.4Synthetic Organisms

    2.3Radical Health Extension
    ris
    1Carlos López-Otín et al., , Cell, Vol. 153, 2013, p.1194.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.0392Brian Kennedy et al., , Cell, Vol. 159, 2014, p.709.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.0393Tamar Tchkonia, James Kirkland, , Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 288, 2020, p.518.https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.131414Nir Barzilai et al., , Cell Metabolism, Vol. 23, 2016, p.1060.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011

    2.3.1Diagnostics and markers of age

    		5Aleksandr Zenin et al., , Communications Biology, Vol. 2, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0290-06Sara Ahadi et al., , Nature Medicine, Vol. 26, 2020, p.83.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0719-57Xian Xia et al., , F1000Research, Vol. 6, 2017, p.860.https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10692.18Juulia Jylhävä, Nancy L. Pedersen, Sara Hägg, , EBioMedicine, Vol. 21, 2017, p.29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.0469Alex Zhavoronkov et al., , Ageing Research Reviews, Vol. 49, 2019, p.49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.00310Laksshman Sundaram et al., , Nature Genetics, Vol. 50, 2018, p.1161.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0167-z

    2.3.2Fundamental Geroscience

    		11, NIH.http://www.nia.nih.gov/research/dab/geroscience-intersection-basic-aging-biology-chronic-disease-and-health12Linda Partridge, Teresa Niccoli, , Current Biology , Vol. 22, 2012, p.741.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.02413Timothy V. Pyrkov et al., , Nature Communications , Vol. 12, 2021, p.2765.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23014-1

    2.3.3Slowing Biological Ageing

    		14, American Federation for Aging Research.https://www.afar.org/tame-trial15T. Tchkonia, J. L. Kirkland, , Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 288, 2020, p.518.https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13141

    2.3.4Reversing Ageing

    		16Kara N. Fitzgerald et al., , Aging, Vol. 13, 2021, p.9419.https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.20291317Yuancheng Lu et al., , Nature, Vol. 588, 2020, p.124.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2975-418Noah Davidsohn et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.23505.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191007311619Luke W. Koblan et al., , Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.608.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03086-7
    2.4Consciousness Augmentation
    ris
    1Matthias Michel et al., , Nature Human Behaviour, Vol. 3, 2019, p.104.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0531-82Christof Koch, Giulio Tononi, , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 370, 2015, p.20140167.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.01673Martin Dresler et al., , ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Vol. 10, 2019, p.1137.https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571.

    2.4.1Cognitive Capacity Enhancement

    		4Lea Winerman, , American Psychological Association Monitor, Vol. 44, 2013, p.30.https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter5Li-Huei Tsai, Andrii Rudenko, , Neuropharmacology: Neuroepigenetic Disorders, Vol. 80, 2014, p.70.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.0436Philippe Bertrand, , Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 5, 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.000267Eric Krokos, Catherine Plaisant, Amitabh Varshney, , Virtual Reality, Vol. 23, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0346-3

    2.4.2Consciousness Assessment

    		8Jacobo Diego Sitt et al., , Brain, Vol. 137, 2014, p.2258.https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu1419Silvia Casarotto et al., , Annals of Neurology, Vol. 80, 2016, p.718.https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.2477910Adenauer G. Casali et al., , Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 5, 2013, p.198105.https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.300629411Aurore Thibaut et al., , Neurology, Vol. 82, 2014, p.1112.https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.000000000000026012Liangtang Chang, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.3258.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162076411413Harry H. Porter III, , Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, 2016), p.305.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41649-6_3114Masanori Kohda et al., , PLOS Biology , Vol. 17, 2019, p.3000021.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.300002115Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, , Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 43, 2020, p.546.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.008

    2.4.3Brain-Machine Interfaces

    		16Maryam M. Shanechi, , Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 22, 2019, p.1554.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0488-y

    2.4.4Sense-expanding Technologies

    		17Dasha Nelidova et al., , Science, Vol. 368, 2020, p.1108.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz588718Jawish Hameed et al., , IEEE 9th International Conference on Cybernetic Intelligent Systems, 2010, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRICIS.2010.589814119David Eagleman, Scott D. Novich, , Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 233, 2015, p.2777.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4346-1
    2.5Organoids
    ris
    1B. Paulsen et al., , Nature, Vol. 602, 2022, p.268.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04358-62F. Cugola et al., , Nature, Vol. 534, 2016, p.267.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature182963C.A. Trujillo et al., , Cell Stem Cell, Vol. 25, 2019, p.558.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.0024L. Liu et al., , J Transl Med, Vol. 19, 2021, p.40.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02677-25A. Smith, C. Kuo, , Nat Med, Vol. 23, 2017, p.1399.https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.44546Y. Li et al., , Cell Regeneration, Vol. 9, 2020, p.21.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z7E. Berishvili et al., , Transpl Int, Vol. 34, 2021, p.1588.https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.139888G. Rossi, A. Manfrin, M.P. Lutolf, , Nat Rev Genet, Vol. 19, 2018, p.671.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0051-99H. Clevers, , Cell, Vol. 165, 2016, p.1586.Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.08210M. Hofer, M.P. Lutolf, , Nat Rev Mater, Vol. 6, 2021, p.402.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00279-y11S. Velasco, B. Paulsen, P. Arlotta, , Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 43, 2020, p.375.https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154.12National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, .https://doi.org/10.17226/26078

    2.5.1Foundational research

    		13S. Kanton et al., , Nature, Vol. 574, 2019, p.418.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1654-914C.A. Trujillo et al., , Science, Vol. 12, 2021, p.371.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax253715H. Clevers, , Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Vol. 21, 2020, p.355.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0258-416C.A. Trujillo, A.R. Muotri, , Trends Mol Med, Vol. 24, 2018, p.982.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2018.09.00517Y.J. Kang, H. Cho, , Organoid, Vol. 1, 2021, p.5.https://doi.org/10.51335/organoid.2021.1.e518D.J. Steinberg et al., , EMBO Molecular Biology, Vol. 13, 2021, p.13610.https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202013610

    2.5.2Hybrid organoids

    		20National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, .https://doi.org/10.17226/2607821L. Schley, .https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/meet-the-scientists-connecting-lab-grown-mini-brains-to-robots22Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, . https://caat.jhsph.edu/programs/oi/.23University of California Television, . https://youtu.be/nohbx-TXsyk.24M. Korody et al., , Stem Cells and Development, Vol. 30, 2021, p.177.https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2021.0001

    2.5.3Translation and personalised organoids

    		25A. Smith, C. Kuo, , Nat Med, Vol. 23, 2017, p.1399.https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.445426W.C. Peng, L.J. Kraaier, T.A. Kluiver, , Exp Mol Med, Vol. 53, 2021, p.1512.https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00579-x27B. Herpers et al., , Nat Cancer, Vol. 3, 2022, p.418.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-022-00359-0

    2.5.4Enabling technologies

    2.6Future Therapeutics
    ris
    1Isabella Cueto, , 2022.https://www.statnews.com/2022/01/12/brain-stimulation-jolting-brain-circuits-with-electricity-moving-from-radical-to-almost-mainstream/.2Kevin Tracey, , Nature, Vol. 420, 2002, p.85.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature013213Rhaya L. Johnson, Christopher G. Wilson, , Journal of Inflammation Research, Vol. 11, 2018, p.203.https://doi:10.2147/JIR.S1632484Thomas Davenport, Ravi Kalakota, , Future Healthcare Journal, Vol. 6, 2019, p.94.https://doi:10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-945Ramy A. Arnaout et al., , Frontiers in Immunology, 2021.https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.6267936Jayesh Kulkarni et al., , Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 16, 2021, p.630.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00898-07Tulsi Damase et al., , Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021.https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.6281378Abed El Kadiry et al., , Frontiers in Medicine, Vol. 8, 2021.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.756029

    2.6.1Electrical therapies

    		9K. Scangos et al., , Nature Medicine, Vol. 27, 2021, p.1696.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01480-w10.https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220504005281/en/Synchron-Announces-Enrollment-of-First-Patient-in-U.S.-Endovascular-Brain-Computer-Interface-Study-COMMAND-in-Patients-With-Severe-Paralysis.11C. Adaikkan et al., , Neuron.https://doi.org10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.01112Chieh-Hsin Lee, Fabrizio Giuliani, , Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 10, 2019, p.1696.https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.0169613Yin Long et al., , ACS Nano, Vol. 12, 2018, p.12533.https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b0703814Murugan Nirosha et al., , Vol. 28, 2022, p.264.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj2164

    2.6.2Data-led therapies

    		15, The Economist, 2022.https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2022/05/02/some-health-apps-are-able-not-just-to-diagnose-diseases-but-also-to-treat-them16Riccardo De Bin et al., , Briefings in Bioinformatics, Vol. 21, 2020, p.1904.https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz13617Thomas Davenport, Ravi Kalakota, , Future Healthcare Journal, Vol. 6, 2019, p.94.https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-9418Silvana Secinaro et al., , BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol. 21, 2021, p.125.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01488-919George Bazoukis et al., , Cell reports: Medicine, Vol. 3, 2022, p.100485.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100485

    2.6.3Cell, gene, biomimetic and nucleic acid therapies

    		21Haydar Frangoul et al., , New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 384, 2021, p.252.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa203105422Michael Le Page, , New Scientist, 2022.https://www.newscientist.com/article/2323437-pancreatic-cancer-vaccine-what-to-know-about-early-promising-results/23Hengrui Liu et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 13, 2022, p.1891.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29413-224Cochrane.org, , 2021.https://www.cochrane.org/news/remdesivir-treatment-covid-1925Britton Boras et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.6055.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26239-226Jin-Wook Yoo et al., , Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 10, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3499

    2.6.4Immunome-based therapies

    		27Alex Waldman et al., , Nat Rev Immunol, Vol. 20, 2020, p.651.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0306-528Aisha S. Shariqa et al., , Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 83, 2018, p.86.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.00329Ramy A. Arnaout et al., , Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 12, 2021.https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.626793
    3.1Decarbonisation
    ris
    1Damon Matthews, Kasia Tokarska, , carbonbrief.org, 192021.https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-refining-the-remaining-1-5c-carbon-budget2H. Damon Matthews et al., , Communications Earth & Environment, Vol. 2, 2021, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00064-93Gunnar Luderer et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5229.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13067-84, IRENA, 2019.https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Sep/Utility-scale-batteries5, IRENA, 2019.https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Nov/Future-of-Solar-Photovoltaic6, Engineering National Academies of Sciences, 2018.https://doi.org/10.17226/25259

    3.1.1Negative Emission Technologies

    		7Jeff Tollefson, , Nature, Vol. 562, 2018, p.172.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-06876-28, UNEP, 2021.http://www.unep.org/resources/ecosystem-restoration-people-nature-climate9, Global CCS Institute.https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/about/what-is-ccs/storage/10Jeff Tollefson, , Nature, Vol. 558, 2018, p.173.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05357-w

    3.1.2Energy Transition

    		11, US Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2419.https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4143312, IRENA, 2020.https://irena.org/publications/2020/Nov/Green-hydrogen13Sean O’Neill, , Engineering, 2021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.06.00314, European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, 2021.https://extranet.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/Publication/Transporting%20Pure%20Hydrogen%20by%20Repurposing%20Existing%20Gas%20Infrastructure_Overview%20of%20studies.pdf15M. Dreyfus, A. Berka, , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 138, 2021, p.110663.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110663

    3.1.3Advanced Materials

    		16Li-Chiang Lin et al., , Nature Materials, Vol. 11, 2012, p.633.https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat333617Peter G. Boyd et al., , Nature, Vol. 576, 2019, p.253.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1798-718Juan J. de Pablo et al., , NPJ Computational Materials, Vol. 5, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-019-0173-4

    3.1.4Energy Storage

    		19M. A. Abdelkareem, A. G. Olabi, , Energy, Vol. 219, 2021, p.119634.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119634
    3.2World Simulation
    ris
    1Oran R. Young et al., , Global Environmental Change, Vol. 16, 2006, p.304.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.0042Neil Davies et al., , Gigascience, Vol. 5, 2016, p.14.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13742-016-0118-53Nadja Hoßbach, Martin Enders, , AMCIS 2019 Proceedings, 2019.https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2019/org_transformation_is/org_transformation_is/20

    3.2.1Physical Models

    		4. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/destination-earth5Paul Voosen, , Science, 44105. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/europe-building-digital-twin-earth-revolutionize-climate-forecasts6Heather H. Pierce et al., , Nature, Vol. 570, 2019, p.30.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01715-4

    3.2.2Ecological Models

    		7Petr Baldrian, , FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 95, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiz0058D. Cressey, , Vol. 517, 2015, p.255.https://doi.org/10.1038/517255a9M. Mirtl et al., , Science of The Total Environment , Vol. 626, 2018, p.1439.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.001

    3.2.3Socio-economic Models

    		10United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, , 43236.https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html

    3.2.4Integration and Coupling

    		11.https://www.nrf.gov.sg/programmes/virtual-singapore12Judith Lemus et al., , Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol. 55, 2021, p.134.https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.55.3.47
    3.3Future Food Systems
    ris
    1P.R. Shukla et al., , IPCC, 2019.https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/2, 2020.https://www.glopan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Foresight-2.0_Future-Food-Systems_For-people-our-planet-and-prosperity.pdf3IPBES secretariat, , IPBES, 43602.http://ipbes.net/global-assessment4Pat Mooney et al., , IPES Food Panel, 2021.http://www.ipes-food.org/_img/upload/files/LongFoodMovementEN.pdf

    3.3.1Ecosystem-level Genetic Modification

    		5Leah Shaffer, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.32823.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20240331176Ewen Callaway, , Nature , Vol. 560, 2018, p.16.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05814-67Neil E. Hoffman, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, 2021.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20048411188S. Torti et al., , Nature Plants, Vol. 7, 2021, p.159.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00851-y

    3.3.2Alternative Proteins

    		9Zafer Bashi et al., , McKinsey, 43693.https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/alternative-proteins-the-race-for-market-share-is-on10M. C. Onwezen et al., , Appetite, Vol. 159, 2021, p.105058.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.10505811Nicolas Treich, , Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 79, 2021, p.33.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3

    3.3.3Resilient Farming

    		12Achim Walter et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.6148.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.170746211413Rodrigo García et al., , Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 179, 2020, p.105826.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105826.14F. Leippert et al., , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020.https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0438en

    3.3.4Personalised Nutrition

    		15V. Saroja Voruganti, , Current Genetic Medicine Reports, Vol. 6, 2018, p.98.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40142-018-0143-z16Jose M. Ordovas et al., , BMJ, Vol. 361, 2018.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k217317Juliane R. Sempionatto et al., , ACS Sensors, Vol. 6, 2021, p.1745.https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00553
    3.4Space Resources
    ris
    1Gil Denis, , Acta Astronautica, Vol. 137, 2017, p.415.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.04.0342Theodore J. Muelhaupt et al., , Journal of Space Safety Engineering, Space Traffic Management and Space Situational Awareness, Vol. 6, 2019, p.80.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.05.0073Martin Sudmanns et al., , International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol. 13, 2020, p.832.https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.15859764.https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1508/text5.http://space-agency.public.lu/en/space-resources/the-initiative.html6.https://www.esric.lu7Linda J. Tacconi et al., , ESA, 2021.https://www.cosmos.esa.int/documents/1866264/1866292/Voyage2050-Senior-Committee-report-public.pdf/e2b2631e-5348-5d2d-60c1-437225981b6b?t=16234272871098, National Academies.https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/planetary-science-and-astrobiology-decadal-survey-2023-20329, NASA, 2120.https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-publishes-artemis-plan-to-land-first-woman-next-man-on-moon-in-202410Andrew Jones, , Space News, 302021.https://spacenews.com/china-outlines-space-plans-to-2025/11, China Daily, 2816.http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2016/12/28/content_281475527159496.htm12United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, , 2021.https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/Space%20Economy/Space_Economy_Initiative_2020_Outcome_Report_Jan_2021.pdf

    3.4.1Earth Orbit

    		13.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=14.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=15.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=16Russo Donovan, Eric Rosenbaum, , CNBC, 172019.https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/china-plans-a-solar-power-play-in-space-that-nasa-abandoned-long-ago.html17, KPMG, 2020, p.92.https://home.kpmg/au/en/home/insights/2020/05/30-voices-on-2030-future-of-space.html18, ESA.https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Copernicus_Sentinel_Expansion_missions19Kirsty Needham, , The Sydney Morning Herald, 152019.https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/plans-for-first-chinese-solar-power-station-in-space-revealed-20190214-p50xtg.html20, ESA.https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris/Analysis_and_prediction21DJ Kessler, BG Cour-Palais, , Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, 1978, p.2637.doi:10.1029/JA083iA06p02637

    3.4.2The Moon

    		22Joey Roulette, , The Verge, 102021.https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/10/22618275/nasa-spacesuits-delay-inspector-general-report-2024-artemis23, European Commission, 2021.https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/focus-fusion-power-and-iter-project-2021-mai-17_en24Harry Jones, , 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2018.https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/74082/ICES_2018_81.pdf25Michael Sheetz, , CNBC, 162021.https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/16/spacex-sole-winner-in-nasas-hls-moon-lander-program-report.html26, NASA.https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/index.html27, UN Convention on Biological Diversity.https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/efb0/1f84/a892b98d2982a829962b6371/wg2020-02-03-en.pdf28John FH Thompson, Jowitt, Simon M., Gavin M. Mudd, , Communications Earth & Environment, Vol. 1, 2020, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-0011-029Ugo Bardi, Rolf Jakobi, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi, , Biophysical Economics and Resource Quality, Vol. 1, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41247-016-0004-x30Philip T. Metzger, Jacob Smith, John E. Lane, , Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets , Vol. 116, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE00374531Philip T Metzger et al., , International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, 2008.https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/6icchge/session10/1 32, NASA, 2013.http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/lunar-atmosphere.html

    3.4.3Asteroid Belt

    		33T. E. Graedel et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, 2013, p.6295.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131275211034National Research Council, , National Academies Press, 2008.35Matthias Willbold, Tim Elliott, Stephen Moorbath, , Nature, Vol. 477, 2011, p.195.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1039936John Brophy et al., , IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2012.618703137Andrew Glester, , Physics World, 112018.https://physicsworld.com/a/the-asteroid-trillionaires/38Xiaozhi Lim, , Discover, 1620.https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-world-is-running-out-of-elements-and-researchers-are-looking-in-unlikely39Jeff Foust, , Space News, 219.https://spacenews.com/deep-space-industries-acquired-by-bradford-space/40Jeff Foust, , Space News, 3118.https://spacenews.com/asteroid-mining-company-planetary-resources-acquired-by-blockchain-firm/41Emily Osterloff, , Natural History Museum.https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/how-an-asteroid-caused-extinction-of-dinosaurs.html42Yuko Kawaguchi et al., , Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 11, 2020, p.2050.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.0205043Kristín K. Ragnarsdóttir, , Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, 2008, p.720.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo30244Martin Elvis, , Asteroids (Springer), 2013, p.81.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39244-3_445Steven A. Curtis et al., , Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying, 2003, p.24.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.108.2545&rep=rep1&type=pdf46COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection, , Space Resources Today, Vol. 208, 2020.https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/assets/uploads/2020/07/PPPolicyJune-2020_Final_Web.pdf

    3.4.4Mars

    		47Elizabeth Howell, , space.com, 821.https://www.space.com/13558-historic-mars-missions.html48.https://u.ae/en/more/uae-future/2030-211749Mike Brown, , inverse.com, 32021.https://www.inverse.com/innovation/mars-city-spacex-story50Mike Wall, , space.com, 22021.https://www.space.com/spacex-launch-astronauts-mars-202451Hanneke Weitering, , space.com, 172020.https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-mars-trip-202452David S. F. Portree, , wired.com, 82012.https://www.wired.com/2012/08/mars-in-1995-1980-1981/53, aljazeera.com, 242021.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/24/china-plans-for-first-manned-mission-to-mars-in-2033
    3.5Ocean Stewardship
    ris
    1, American Association for the Advancement of Science.https://www.aaas.org/programs/center-science-diplomacy2Robert Blasiak et al., , Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 8, 2021, p.676.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.6718373, European Union.https://www.science-diplomacy.eu/4R. Blasiak et al., , High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy.https://oceanpanel.org/blue-papers/ocean-genome-conservation-and-fair-equitable-and-sustainable-use-marine-genetic5Diane Stone, Timothy Legrand, , British Politics, Vol. 13, 2018, p.392.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-018-0082-z6Lisa A. Levin et al., , Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 6, 2019, p.241.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.002417Muriel Rabone et al., , Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 6, 2019, p.520.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00520

    3.5.1Harnessing Ocean Biodiversity

    		8R. Blasiak et al., , Nature Sustainability , Vol. 3, 2020, p.588.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0522-99Miguel C. Leal et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.24165.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200761011710Luis R. Vieira, Fernando Morgado, , Affordable and Clean Energy (Springer), 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71057-0_117-1

    3.5.2Transition Ecosystems

    		11Romain Hugonnet et al., , Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.726.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z12Jonathan Watts, , Guardian, 292021.http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/29/world-lose-glacier-ice-climate-targets13Junaid Furhan, , Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 18, 2020, p.36.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-020-00053-7

    3.5.3Repairing the Ocean

    		14Reniel B. Cabral et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.28134.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200017411715Ove Hoegh-Guldberg et al., , oceanpanel.org, 2019.https://oceanpanel.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf16Ramaitha Al Busaidi, , World Economic Forum, 202018.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/5-ways-to-guarantee-sustainable-aquaculture/17Terry P. Hughes et al., , Nature , Vol. 543, 2017, p.373.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature2170718Karine Kleinhaus, , Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 7, 2020.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.0009019Manuel González-Rivero et al., , Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, 2020, p.489.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1203048920Lisa Boström-Einarsson et al., , PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, 2020, p.226631.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631

    3.5.4Improved Ocean Observation

    		21.https://seabed2030.org/22Runlong Miao, Shuo Pang, Dapeng Jiang, , Journal of Marine Science and Application, Vol. 18, 2019, p.343.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-019-00097-323Jongeun Choi, Mahdi Jadaliha, , IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 21, 2013, p.899.https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2012.2190070
    3.6Solar Radiation Modification
    ris
    2, IPCC, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p.3.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.0013L. Cao et al., , Geophys Res Lett, Vol. 44, 2017, p.7429.https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL0742814C2G, .https://www.c2g2.net/intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change/5B. Kravitz, D.G. MacMartin, , Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 1, 2020, p.6475.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0004-76C2G, .https://www.c2g2.net/intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change/7Washington DC, , 2015.https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18988/climate-intervention-reflecting-sunlight-to-cool-earth8P. Rouse, A-H Hubert, M. Honegger, J. Reynolds, , Lausanne: EPFL International Risk Governance Center, 2020.https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/geneva-environment-dialogues-international-governance-issues-on-climate-engineering/9M.G. Lawrence et al., , Nat Commun, Vol. 9, 2018, p.3734.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3

    3.6.1Stratospheric aerosol injection

    		10D.E. Parker et al., , Int J Climatol, Vol. 16, 1996, p.487.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199605)16:5<487::AID-JOC39>3.0.CO;2-J11P. Irvine et al., , Nat Clim Change, Vol. 9, 2019, p.295299.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0398-812B. Kravitz et al., , Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 9, 2014, p.74013.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/07401313S. Osaka, .https://grist.org/science/who-gets-to-decide-if-we-study-solar-geoengineering-after-the-scopex-project-canceled/.14W. Smith, G. Wagner, , Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 13, 2018, p.124001.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d15W. Smith, , Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, 2020, p.114004.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7

    3.6.2Cloud engineering

    		16G. Cooper et al., , Phil Trans R Soc A, Vol. 372, 2014, p.2031.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.005517G. Cooper et al., , International Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 4, 2013, p.78.http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.4100918D.L. Mitchell, W. Finnegan, , Environ Res Lett, Vol. 4, 2009, p.45102.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/04510219L. Duan et al., , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, 2018, p.11.https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD02903420J. Latham et al., , Atmos Sci Lett, Vol. 14, 2013, p.214.https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.44221J. Tollefson, , Nature, Vol. 596, 2021, p.476.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02290-322L. Ahlm et al., , Atmos. Chem. Phys., Vol. 17, 2017, p.13071.https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13071-2017

    3.6.3Terrestrial solar radiation modification

    		23S.I. Seneviratne et al., , Nature Geosci, Vol. 11, 2018, p.88.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0057-524K.W. Oleson et al., , Geophys Res Lett, Vol. 37, 2010, p.3701.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL04219425L. Genesio et al., , Glob Change Biol, Vol. 27, 2021, p.959.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.1547026K. Zimmer, , BBC Future.https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice

    3.6.4Space-based solar radiation modification

    		27J.T. Early, , Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 42, 1989, p.567.28R. Angel, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, 2006, p.17184.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.060816310329J-P. Sánchez, C.R. McInnes, , PLoS ONE, Vol. 10, 2015, p.136648.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013664830C.R. McInnes, , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 224, 2010, p.571.https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES143931C.M Baum, , Vol. 158, 2022, p.112179.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112179
    3.7Infectious Diseases
    ris
    1Geneva: World Health Organization, , 2021.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240040496.2W.A. Stolk et al., , PLoS Negl Trop Dis, Vol. 10, 2016, p.4560.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.00045603J. Rocklöv, R. Dubrow, , Nat Immun, Vol. 21, 2020, p.479.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0648-y4National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, , 2020.https://doi.org/10.17226/258875N. Watts et al., , The Lancet Commissions, Vol. 386, 2015, p.1861.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-66C.J. Carlson et al., , Nature, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04788-w7H. Lerner, C. Berg, , Front. Vet. Sci., Vol. 4, 2017, p.163.https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.001638One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP): Adisasmito WB et al., , PLoS Pathog, Vol. 18, 2022, p.1010537.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.10105379, Vol. 376, 2012, p.1837.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/toc/rstb/2021/376/183710A.L Wilson et al., , PLoS Negl Trop Dis, Vol. 14, 2020, p.7831.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007831

    3.7.1Pathogen biology

    		11P. Ball, , Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.16.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03626-112P. Rosby, .https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-56858158.13H. Feldman et al., , N Engl J Med, Vol. 382, 2020, p.1832.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra190159414K. Zhou et al., , Vaccines, Vol. 9, 2021, p.1004.https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines909100415J.W. Park et al., , Int J Biol Sci, Vol. 17, 2021, p.1446.https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5923316M. Michelen et al., , BMJ Global Health, Vol. 6, 2021, p.5427.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005427

    3.7.2Zoonotic disease

    3.7.3Vector control

    		17C. Cansado-Utrilla et al., , Microbiome, Vol. 9, 2021, p.11.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01073-218E. Waltz, , Nature, Vol. 593, 2021, p.175.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01186-619H.A. Flores, S.L. O’Neill, , Nat Rev Microbiol, Vol. 16, 2018, p.508.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0025-020A. Utarini et al., , N Engl J Med, Vol. 384, 2021, p.2177.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa203024321J. Zinsstag et al., , Infect Dis Poverty, Vol. 9, 2020, p.140.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00757-522Y. Osman et al., , One Health, Vol. 13, 2021, p.100334.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100334

    3.7.4Outbreak prevention

    		23A.S. Bernstein et al., , Science Advances, Vol. 8, 2022, p.4183.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl418324E.P.J. Gibbs, , Vet Record, Vol. 174, 2014, p.85.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.g14325S. Whitmee et al., , The Lancet, Vol. 386, 2015, p.1973.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-126National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, , Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2004.https://doi.org/10.17226/1091527E. Yong, , The Atlantic.https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/10/how-public-health-took-part-its-own-downfall/620457/28D.T. Liu et al., , Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 166, 2022, p.615.https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599821102263629<