Each of the 18 scientific emerging topics described in the science breakthrough radar presents a carefully vetted overview by lead scientists of the current state-of-the-art in a given field and what could be important science breakthroughs in 5, 10 or 25 years. The descriptions of the emerging topics and related subfields draw upon evidence from key resources and publications from the scientific literature. This section provides a list of cited resources, organised by emerging topic and related sub-fields.
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| 1Kaiming He et al., ‘Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification’, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2015, p.1026.https://doi/10.1109/ICCV.2015.1232Oriol Vinyals et al., ‘StarCraft II: A New Challenge for Reinforcement Learning’, arXiv:1708.04782 [cs], 2017.http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.047823Reuters Staff, ‘Waymo self-driving vehicles cover 20 million miles on public roads’, Reuters, 2020.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autonomous-waymo-idUSKBN1Z61RX4Justin Weinberg, ‘Philosophers On GPT-3 (updated with replies by GPT-3)’, Daily Nous, 2020.https://dailynous.com/2020/07/30/philosophers-gpt-3/5‘Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030’, 2016 Report | One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100), 2016.https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report6Bart Selman, Yolanda Gil, ‘A 20-Year Community Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Research in the US’, arXiv:1908.02624 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.026247‘State of AI Report 2020’, 2020.https://www.stateof.ai/8Sonja Zillner et al., ‘Strategic Research, Innovation and Deployment Agenda: AI, Data and Robotics Partnership’, 2020.https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/strategic-research-innovation-and-deployment-agenda-ai-data-and-r9‘A New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’, The Foundation for Law and International Affairs, 2017.https://flia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/A-New-Generation-of-Artificial-Intelligence-Development-Plan-1.pdf | |||
 1.1.1Deeper Machine Learning | 10Kenji Kawaguchi, Leslie Pack Kaelbling, Yoshua Bengio, ‘Generalization in Deep Learning’, arXiv:1710.05468 [cs, stat], 2020.http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.0546811Kaj Sotala, ‘Defining Human Values for Value Learners’, AAAI-16 AI, Society and Ethics workshop, 2016, p.10.https://intelligence.org/files/DefiningValuesForValueLearners.pdf12Robert R. Hoffman et al., ‘Metrics for Explainable AI: Challenges and Prospects’, arXiv:1812.04608 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.04608 | ||
 1.1.2Human-centred AI | 13Mark O. Riedl, ‘Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning’, arXiv:1901.11184 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.1118414Danica Kragic et al., ‘Interactive, Collaborative Robots: Challenges and Opportunities’, Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018, p.18.https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/3 | ||
 1.1.3Next-level AI | 15Yaqing Wang et al., ‘Generalizing from a Few Examples: A Survey on Few-shot Learning’, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 53, 2020, p.10301.https://doi.org/10.1145/338625216Artur d’Avila Garcez et al., ‘Neural-Symbolic Computing: An Effective Methodology for Principled Integration of Machine Learning and Reasoning’, arXiv:1905.06088 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.0608817Gary Marcus, ‘Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal’, arXiv:1801.00631 [cs, stat], 2018.http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00631 | ||
 1.1.4Interdisciplinary AI | 18Hsin-Yuan Huang et al., ‘Power of data in quantum machine learning’, Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.2631.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22539-919Jacob Biamonte et al., ‘Quantum machine learning’, Nature, Vol. 549, 2017, p.195.https://doi.org10.1038/nature2347420Amira Abbas et al., ‘The Power of Quantum Neural Networks’, Nature Computational Science, Vol. 1, 2021, p.403.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00084-1 | ||
| 1European Quantum Flagship, ‘Strategic Research Agenda’, 2020.https://qt.eu//app/uploads/2020/04/Strategic_Research-_Agenda_d_FINAL.pdf2Government Office for Science, ‘Quantum Technologies: Blackett Review’, 2016.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/quantum-technologies-blackett-review3National Science and Technology Council, ‘National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science’, 2018.https://www.quantum.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2018_NSTC_National_Strategic_Overview_QIS.pdf4OIDA, ‘OIDA Quantum Photonics Roadmap: Every Photon Counts’, OIDA Reports, Vol. 3, 2020.https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OIDA-2020-3 | |||
 1.2.1Quantum Communication | 5Juan Yin et al., ‘Entanglement-Based Secure Quantum Cryptography over 1,120 Kilometres’, Nature, Vol. 582, 2020, p.501.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y6Yu-Ao Chen et al., ‘An Integrated Space-to-Ground Quantum Communication Network over 4,600 Kilometres’, Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.214.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03093-87Jiu-Peng Chen et al., ‘Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution over a 511 Km Optical Fibre Linking Two Distant Metropolitan Areas’, Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, 2021, p.570.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00828-58Antonio Acín et al., ‘Device-Independent Security of Quantum Cryptography against Collective Attacks’, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, 2007, p.230501.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.230501 | ||
 1.2.2Quantum Computing | 9Frank Arute et al., ‘Quantum Supremacy Using a Programmable Superconducting Processor’, Nature, Vol. 574, 2019, p.505.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-510Iris Choi, Amir Fruchtman, ‘Technical Roadmap for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing’, Networked Quantum Information Technologies, 2016.https://nqit.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.nqit.ox.ac.uk/files/2016-11/NQIT%20Technical%20Roadmap.pdf | ||
 1.2.3Quantum Sensing and Imaging | 11S. Pirandola et al., ‘Advances in Photonic Quantum Sensing’, Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, 2018, p.724.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0301-612J. M. Boss et al., ‘Quantum Sensing with Arbitrary Frequency Resolution’, Science, Vol. 356, 2017, p.837.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7009 | ||
 1.2.4Quantum Foundations | 13Adriana Marais et al., ‘The Future of Quantum Biology’, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 15, 2018, p.20180640.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.064014Francesco Petruccione, Betony Adams, ‘Quantum Effects in the Brain: A Review’, AVS Quantum Science, Vol. 2, 2020, p.22901.https://doi.org/10.1116/1.513517015Francesco Campaioli et al., ‘Enhancing the Charging Power of Quantum Batteries’, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, 2017, p.150601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.15060116Betony Adams, ‘Do Quantum Effects Play a Role in Consciousness?’, Physics World, 2021.https://physicsworld.com/do-quantum-effects-play-a-role-in-consciousness/17Na Li et al., ‘Nuclear Spin Attenuates the Anesthetic Potency of Xenon Isotopes in Mice: Implications for the Mechanisms of Anesthesia and Consciousness’, Anesthesiology, Vol. 129, 2018, p.271.https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.000000000000222618Jeri A. Sechzer et al., ‘Aberrant Parenting and Delayed Offspring Development in Rats Exposed to Lithium’, Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 21, 1986, p.1258.https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(86)90308-2 | ||
| 1Dennis Christensen et al., ‘2021 Roadmap on Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering’, arXiv:2105.05956 [cond-mat], 2021, accessed 11th May 2021.http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.059562Steve Furber, ‘Large-scale neuromorphic computing systems’, Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 13, 2016, p.51001, accessed 31st Jul 2016.https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/13/5/0510013Catherine D Schuman et al., ‘A Survey of Neuromorphic Computing and Neural Networks in Hardware’, arXiv:1705.06963 [cs], 2017, accessed 18th May 2017.http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.069634Jack D. Kendall, Suhas Kumar, ‘The building blocks of a brain-inspired computer’, Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 7, 2020, p.11305, accessed 29th Feb 2020.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5129306 | |||
 1.3.1Neural Network Architectures | 5Oliver Rhodes et al., ‘Real-time cortical simulation on neuromorphic hardware’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 378, 2020, p.20190160, accessed 6th Feb 2020.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.01606Qiao Ning et al., ‘A reconfigurable on-line learning spiking neuromorphic processor comprising 256 neurons and 128K synapses’, Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 9, 2015, accessed 31st Dec 2014.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00141 | ||
 1.3.2Neuromorphic Systems | 7Mantas Mikaitis et al., ‘Neuromodulated Synaptic Plasticity on the SpiNNaker Neuromorphic System’, Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 12, 2018, accessed 31st Dec 2017.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.001058Alexander N. Tait et al., ‘Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photonic weight banks’, Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 2017, p.7430, accessed 6th Aug 2017.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07754-z9Xingyuan Xu et al., ‘11 TOPS photonic convolutional accelerator for optical neural networks’, Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.44, accessed 31st Dec 2020.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03063-010Mike Davies et al., ‘Loihi: A Neuromorphic Manycore Processor with On-Chip Learning’, IEEE Micro, Vol. 38, 2018, p.82, accessed 31st Dec 2017.https://doi.org/10.1109/MM.2018.11213035911Filipp Akopyan et al., ‘TrueNorth: Design and Tool Flow of a 65 mW 1 Million Neuron Programmable Neurosynaptic Chip’, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 34, 2015, p.1537, accessed 30th Sep 2015.https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2015.2474396 | ||
 1.3.3Neural Network Algorithms | 12Thomas Bohnstingl et al., ‘Neuromorphic Hardware Learns to Learn’, Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 13, 2019, accessed 31st Dec 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.0048313Youhui Zhang et al., ‘A system hierarchy for brain-inspired computing’, Nature, Vol. 586, 2020, p.378, accessed 30th Sep 2020.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2782-y | ||
 1.3.4Neuromorphic Benchmarking | 14Mike Davies, ‘Benchmarks for progress in neuromorphic computing’, Nature Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1, 2019, p.386, accessed 31st Aug 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0097-115‘Benchmarking Keyword Spotting Efficiency on Neuromorphic Hardware’, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Neuro-inspired Computational Elements Workshop, 2019, p.1, accessed 25th Mar 2019.https://doi.org/10.1145/3320288.3320304 | ||
| 1Neil Dalchau et al., ‘Computing with biological switches and clocks’, Natural Computing, 2018, accessed 3rd Jun 2018.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-018-9686-x2Lewis Grozinger et al., ‘Pathways to cellular supremacy in biocomputing’, Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z3Oliver Purcell, Timothy K. Lu, ‘Synthetic analog and digital circuits for cellular computation and memory’, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Cell and Pathway Engineering, Vol. 29, 2014, p.146, accessed 30th Sep 2014.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.04.0094Jennifer A.N. Brophy, Christopher A. Voigt, ‘Principles of genetic circuit design’, Nature Methods, Vol. 11, 2014, p.508, accessed 30th Apr 2014.https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2926 | |||
 1.4.1Bio-architectures | 5Hyojin Kim, Daniel Bojar, Martin Fusseneger, ‘A CRISPR/Cas9-based central processing unit to program complex logic computation in human cells’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.7214, accessed 8th Apr 2019.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.18217401166Angel Goñi-Moreno, Pablo I. Nikel, ‘High-Performance Biocomputing in Synthetic Biology–Integrated Transcriptional and Metabolic Circuits’, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 7, 2019, accessed 31st Dec 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00040 | ||
 1.4.2Bio-computational Logic and Strategies | 7Lewis Grozinger et al., ‘Pathways to cellular supremacy in biocomputing’, Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z8Dan V. Nicolau et al., ‘Parallel computation with molecular-motor-propelled agents in nanofabricated networks’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, 2016, p.2591, accessed 7th Mar 2016.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15108251139Javier Macia et al., ‘Implementation of Complex Biological Logic Circuits Using Spatially Distributed Multicellular Consortia’, PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 12, 2016, p.1004685, accessed 31st Jan 2016.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004685 | ||
 1.4.3Programmable Bio-synthesis | 10Airbus, ‘Airbus and Koniku Inc. embark on disruptive biotechnology solutions for aviation security operations’, Airbus, 2020.https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/05/airbus-and-koniku-inc-embark-on-disruptive-biotechnology-solutions-for-aviation-security-operations.html11Alexis Courbet et al., ‘Detection of pathological biomarkers in human clinical samples via amplifying genetic switches and logic gates’, Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 7, 2015, p.28983, accessed 26th May 2015.https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3601 | ||
 1.4.4Novel Bio-computing Paradigms | 12Lewis Grozinger et al., ‘Pathways to cellular supremacy in biocomputing’, Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z13John Selberg, Marcella Gomez, Marco Rolandi, ‘The Potential for Convergence between Synthetic Biology and Bioelectronics’, Cell Systems, Vol. 7, 2018, p.231, accessed 25th Sep 2018.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2018.08.007 | ||
| 1Caterina Cinel, Davide Valeriani, Riccardo Poli, ‘Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.000132Jeannie-Marie S. Leoutsakos et al., ‘Deep Brain Stimulation Targeting the Fornix for Mild Alzheimer Dementia (the ADvance Trial): A Two Year Follow-up Including Results of Delayed Activation’, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, Vol. 64, 2018, p.597.https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-1801213Francis R. Willett et al., ‘High-Performance Brain-to-Text Communication via Handwriting’, Nature, Vol. 593, 2021, p.249.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03506-24Royal Society, ‘iHuman: Blurring lines between man and machine’, The Royal Society, 2019.https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/ihuman-perspective/ | |||
 2.1.1Brain Monitoring | 5Alexander J. Casson, ‘Wearable EEG and Beyond’, Biomedical Engineering Letters, Vol. 9, 2019, p.53.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-018-00093-66James J. Jun et al., ‘Fully Integrated Silicon Probes for High-Density Recording of Neural Activity’, Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, p.232.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature246367Stephan Waldert, ‘Invasive vs. Non-Invasive Neuronal Signals for Brain-Machine Interfaces: Will One Prevail?’, Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 10, 2016.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00295 | ||
 2.1.2Neuromodulation Delivery Systems | 8Rafael Polanía, Michael A. Nitsche, Christian C. Ruff, ‘Studying and Modifying Brain Function with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation’, Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 21, 2018, p.174.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-017-0054-49Daria Antonenko et al., ‘TDCS-Induced Episodic Memory Enhancement and Its Association with Functional Network Coupling in Older Adults’, Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, p.2273.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38630-710Shuo Chen et al., ‘Near-Infrared Deep Brain Stimulation via Upconversion Nanoparticle–Mediated Optogenetics’, Science, Vol. 359, 2018, p.679.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq114411A. Velisar et al., ‘Dual Threshold Neural Closed Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease Patients’, Brain Stimulation, Vol. 12, 2019, p.868.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.020 | ||
 2.1.3Hybrid Cognition | 12Sara Reardon, ‘AI-Controlled Brain Implants for Mood Disorders Tested in People’, Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, p.549.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.2303113Shinji Nishimoto et al., ‘Reconstructing Visual Experiences from Brain Activity Evoked by Natural Movies’, Current Biology, Vol. 21, 2011, p.1641.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.03114T. Horikawa et al., ‘Neural Decoding of Visual Imagery During Sleep’, Science, Vol. 340, 2013, p.42.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.123433015Junhong Yu et al., ‘Can FMRI Discriminate between Deception and False Memory? A Meta-Analytic Comparison between Deception and False Memory Studies’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 104, 2019, p.43.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.02716Nobuhito Abe et al., ‘Neural Correlates of True Memory, False Memory, and Deception’, Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 18, 2008, p.2811.https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn037 | ||
 2.1.4Memory Modification | 17Itzhak Fried, Emily A. Mankin, ‘Modulation of Human Memory by Deep Brain Stimulation of the Entorhinal-Hippocampal Circuitry’, Neuron, Vol. 106, 2020, p.218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.02418Nanthia Suthana et al., ‘Memory Enhancement and Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Entorhinal Area’, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 366, 2012, p.502.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa110721219Briana K. Chen et al., ‘Artificially Enhancing and Suppressing Hippocampus-Mediated Memories’, Current Biology, Vol. 29, 2019, p.1885.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.06520Xu Liu et al., ‘Optogenetic Stimulation of a Hippocampal Engram Activates Fear Memory Recall’, Nature, Vol. 484, 2012, p.381.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1102821Stephanie Naufel et al., ‘DARPA Investment in Peripheral Nerve Interfaces for Prosthetics, Prescriptions, and Plasticity’, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 332, 2020, p.108539.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108539 | ||
| 1Steven M. Weisberg, Daniel Badgio, Anjan Chatterjee, ‘A CRISPR New World: Attitudes in the Public toward Innovations in Human Genetic Modification’, Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 5, 2017.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.001172National Academy of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society et al., ‘Heritable Human Genome Editing’, National Academies Press, 2020.https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25665/heritable-human-genome-editing3Giulia Cavaliere, ‘The Ethics of Human Genome Editing’, WHO, 2019, p.19.https://www.who.int/ethics/topics/human-genome-editing/WHO-Commissioned-Ethics-paper-March19.pdf4Krishanu Saha et al., ‘The NIH Somatic Cell Genome Editing program’, Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.195.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03191-15WHO, ‘Human genome editing: recommendations’, WHO, 2021.https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030381 | |||
 2.2.1Gene-based Diagnostics and Prevention | 6Ji Chen et al., ‘The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits’, Nature Genetics, Vol. 53, 2021, p.840.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00852-97Muhammad Naeem et al., ‘Latest Developed Strategies to Minimize the Off-Target Effects in CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Editing’, Cells, Vol. 9, 2020, p.1608.https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071608 | ||
 2.2.2Gene Therapies and Enhancement | 8Jacqueline Martin-Laffon, Marcel Kuntz, Agnès E. Ricroch, ‘Worldwide CRISPR patent landscape shows strong geographical biases’, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 37, 2019, p.613.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0138-79Edward A. Stadtmauer et al., ‘CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer’, Science, Vol. 367, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba736510Thomas Gaj, Charles A. Gersbach, Carlos F. Barbas, ‘ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering’, Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 31, 2013, p.397.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.004 | ||
 2.2.3Novel Bioengineering Approaches | 11Krzysztof Krawczyk et al., ‘Electrogenetic cellular insulin release for real-time glycemic control in type 1 diabetic mice’, Science, Vol. 368, 2020, p.993.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau718712Keiichi Mochida et al., ‘Statistical and Machine Learning Approaches to Predict Gene Regulatory Networks From Transcriptome Datasets’, Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 9, 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01770 | ||
 2.2.4Synthetic Organisms | |||
| 1Carlos López-Otín et al., ‘The Hallmarks of Aging’, Cell, Vol. 153, 2013, p.1194.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.0392Brian Kennedy et al., ‘Geroscience: linking aging to chronic disease’, Cell, Vol. 159, 2014, p.709.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.0393Tamar Tchkonia, James Kirkland, ‘Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation’, Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 288, 2020, p.518.https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.131414Nir Barzilai et al., ‘Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging’, Cell Metabolism, Vol. 23, 2016, p.1060.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011 | |||
 2.3.1Age-related Diagnostics and Prevention | 5Aleksandr Zenin et al., ‘Identification of 12 Genetic Loci Associated with Human Healthspan’, Communications Biology, Vol. 2, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0290-06Sara Ahadi et al., ‘Personal aging markers and ageotypes revealed by deep longitudinal profiling’, Nature Medicine, Vol. 26, 2020, p.83.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0719-57Xian Xia et al., ‘Molecular and Phenotypic Biomarkers of Aging’, F1000Research, Vol. 6, 2017, p.860.https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10692.18Juulia Jylhävä, Nancy L. Pedersen, Sara Hägg, ‘Biological Age Predictors’, EBioMedicine, Vol. 21, 2017, p.29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.0469Alex Zhavoronkov et al., ‘Artificial Intelligence for Aging and Longevity Research: Recent Advances and Perspectives’, Ageing Research Reviews, Vol. 49, 2019, p.49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.00310Laksshman Sundaram et al., ‘Predicting the Clinical Impact of Human Mutation with Deep Neural Networks’, Nature Genetics, Vol. 50, 2018, p.1161.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0167-z | ||
 2.3.2Fundamental Geroscience | 11‘Geroscience: The Intersection of Basic Aging Biology, Chronic Disease, and Health’, NIH.http://www.nia.nih.gov/research/dab/geroscience-intersection-basic-aging-biology-chronic-disease-and-health12Linda Partridge, Teresa Niccoli, ‘Ageing as a Risk Factor for Disease’, Current Biology , Vol. 22, 2012, p.741.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.02413Timothy V. Pyrkov et al., ‘Longitudinal Analysis of Blood Markers Reveals Progressive Loss of Resilience and Predicts Human Lifespan Limit’, Nature Communications , Vol. 12, 2021, p.2765.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23014-1 | ||
 2.3.3Slowing Biological Ageing | 14‘TAME - Targeting Aging with Metformin’, American Federation for Aging Research.https://www.afar.org/tame-trial15T. Tchkonia, J. L. Kirkland, ‘Senolytic Drugs: From Discovery to Translation’, Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 288, 2020, p.518.https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13141 | ||
 2.3.4Reversing Ageing | 16Kara N. Fitzgerald et al., ‘Potential Reversal of Epigenetic Age Using a Diet and Lifestyle Intervention: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial’, Aging, Vol. 13, 2021, p.9419.https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.20291317Yuancheng Lu et al., ‘Reprogramming to Recover Youthful Epigenetic Information and Restore Vision’, Nature, Vol. 588, 2020, p.124.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2975-418Noah Davidsohn et al., ‘A Single Combination Gene Therapy Treats Multiple Age-Related Diseases’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.23505.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191007311619Luke W. Koblan et al., ‘In vivo base editing rescues Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome in mice’, Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.608.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03086-7 | ||
| 1Matthias Michel et al., ‘Opportunities and Challenges for a Maturing Science of Consciousness’, Nature Human Behaviour, Vol. 3, 2019, p.104.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0531-82Christof Koch, Giulio Tononi, ‘Consciousness: Here, There and Everywhere?’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 370, 2015, p.20140167.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.01673Martin Dresler et al., ‘Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement’, ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Vol. 10, 2019, p.1137.https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571. | |||
 2.4.1Cognitive Capacity Enhancement | 4Lea Winerman, ‘Smarter than Ever?’, American Psychological Association Monitor, Vol. 44, 2013, p.30.https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter5Li-Huei Tsai, Andrii Rudenko, ‘Epigenetic Modifications in the Nervous System and Their Impact upon Cognitive Impairments’, Neuropharmacology: Neuroepigenetic Disorders, Vol. 80, 2014, p.70.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.0436Philippe Bertrand, ‘Learning Empathy Through Virtual Reality: Multiple Strategies for Training Empathy-Related Abilities Using Body Ownership Illusions in Embodied Virtual Reality’, Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 5, 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.000267Eric Krokos, Catherine Plaisant, Amitabh Varshney, ‘Virtual Memory Palaces: Immersion Aids Recal’, Virtual Reality, Vol. 23, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0346-3 | ||
 2.4.2Consciousness Assessment | 8Jacobo Diego Sitt et al., ‘Large Scale Screening of Neural Signatures of Consciousness in Patients in a Vegetative or Minimally Conscious State’, Brain, Vol. 137, 2014, p.2258.https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu1419Silvia Casarotto et al., ‘Stratification of Unresponsive Patients by an Independently Validated Index of Brain Complexity’, Annals of Neurology, Vol. 80, 2016, p.718.https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.2477910Adenauer G. Casali et al., ‘A Theoretically Based Index of Consciousness Independent of Sensory Processing and Behavior’, Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 5, 2013, p.198105.https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.300629411Aurore Thibaut et al., ‘TDCS in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: Sham-Controlled Randomized Double-Blind Study’, Neurology, Vol. 82, 2014, p.1112.https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.000000000000026012Liangtang Chang, ‘Spontaneous expression of mirror self-recognition in monkeys after learning precise visual-proprioceptive association for mirror images’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.3258.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162076411413Harry H. Porter III, ‘A Methodology for the Assessment of AI Consciousness’, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, 2016), p.305.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41649-6_3114Masanori Kohda et al., ‘If a Fish Can Pass the Mark Test, What Are the Implications for Consciousness and Self-Awareness Testing in Animals?’, PLOS Biology , Vol. 17, 2019, p.3000021.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.300002115Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, ‘From Complexity to Consciousness’, Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 43, 2020, p.546.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.008 | ||
 2.4.3Brain-Machine Interfaces | 16Maryam M. Shanechi, ‘Brain–Machine Interfaces from Motor to Mood’, Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 22, 2019, p.1554.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0488-y | ||
 2.4.4Sense-expanding Technologies | 17Dasha Nelidova et al., ‘Restoring light sensitivity using tunable near-infrared sensors’, Science, Vol. 368, 2020, p.1108.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz588718Jawish Hameed et al., ‘A novel human-machine interface using subdermal magnetic implants’, IEEE 9th International Conference on Cybernetic Intelligent Systems, 2010, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRICIS.2010.589814119David Eagleman, Scott D. Novich, ‘Using space and time to encode vibrotactile information: toward an estimate of the skin’s achievable throughput’, Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 233, 2015, p.2777.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4346-1 | ||
| 1Damon Matthews, Kasia Tokarska, ‘Refining the Remaining 1.5C ‘Carbon Budget’’, carbonbrief.org, 192021.https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-refining-the-remaining-1-5c-carbon-budget2H. Damon Matthews et al., ‘An Integrated Approach to Quantifying Uncertainties in the Remaining Carbon Budget’, Communications Earth & Environment, Vol. 2, 2021, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00064-93Gunnar Luderer et al., ‘Environmental Co-Benefits and Adverse Side-Effects of Alternative Power Sector Decarbonization Strategies’, Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5229.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13067-84‘Utility-Scale Batteries’, IRENA, 2019.https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Sep/Utility-scale-batteries5‘Future of Solar Voltaic’, IRENA, 2019.https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Nov/Future-of-Solar-Photovoltaic6‘Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda’, Engineering National Academies of Sciences, 2018.https://doi.org/10.17226/25259 | |||
 3.1.1Negative Emission Technologies | 7Jeff Tollefson, ‘IPCC Says Limiting Global Warming to 1.5 °C Will Require Drastic Action’, Nature, Vol. 562, 2018, p.172.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-06876-28‘Becoming #GenerationRestoration: Ecosystem Restoration for People, Nature and Climate’, UNEP, 2021.http://www.unep.org/resources/ecosystem-restoration-people-nature-climate9‘Storing Carbon Dioxide’, Global CCS Institute.https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/about/what-is-ccs/storage/10Jeff Tollefson, ‘Sucking Carbon Dioxide from Air Is Cheaper than Scientists Thought’, Nature, Vol. 558, 2018, p.173.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05357-w | ||
 3.1.2Energy Transition | 11‘EIA Projects Nearly 50% Increase in World Energy Usage by 2050, Led by Growth in Asia’, US Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2419.https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4143312‘Green Hydrogen: A Guide to Policy Making’, IRENA, 2020.https://irena.org/publications/2020/Nov/Green-hydrogen13Sean O’Neill, ‘Giant Turbines Poised to Claim Offshore Wind’, Engineering, 42021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.06.00314‘Transporting Pure Hydrogen by Repurposing Existing Gas Infrastructure: Overview of existing studies and reflections on the conditions for repurposing’, European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, 2021.https://extranet.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/Publication/Transporting%20Pure%20Hydrogen%20by%20Repurposing%20Existing%20Gas%20Infrastructure_Overview%20of%20studies.pdf15M. Dreyfus, A. Berka, ‘Decentralisation and Inclusivity in the Energy Sector: Preconditions, Impacts and Avenues for Further Research’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 138, 2021, p.110663.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110663 | ||
 3.1.3Advanced Materials | 16Li-Chiang Lin et al., ‘In Silico Screening of Carbon-Capture Materials’, Nature Materials, Vol. 11, 2012, p.633.https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat333617Peter G. Boyd et al., ‘Data-Driven Design of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Wet Flue Gas CO2 Capture’, Nature, Vol. 576, 2019, p.253.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1798-718Juan J. de Pablo et al., ‘New Frontiers for the Materials Genome Initiative’, NPJ Computational Materials, Vol. 5, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-019-0173-4 | ||
 3.1.4Energy Storage | 19M. A. Abdelkareem, A. G. Olabi, ‘Energy Storage Systems towards 2050’, Energy, Vol. 219, 2021, p.119634.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119634 | ||
| 1Oran R. Young et al., ‘The Globalization of Socio-Ecological Systems: An Agenda for Scientific Research’, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 16, 2006, p.304.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.0042Neil Davies et al., ‘Simulating Social-Ecological Systems: The Island Digital Ecosystem Avatars (IDEA) Consortium’, Gigascience, Vol. 5, 2016, p.14.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13742-016-0118-53Nadja Hoßbach, Martin Enders, ‘Dimensions of Digital Twin Applications - A Literature Review’, AMCIS 2019 Proceedings, 2019.https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2019/org_transformation_is/org_transformation_is/20 | |||
 3.2.1Physical Models | 4‘Destination Earth: Shaping Europe’s Digital Future’. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/destination-earth5Paul Voosen, ‘Europe Is Building a “Digital Twin” of Earth to Revolutionize Climate Forecasts’, Science, 44105. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/europe-building-digital-twin-earth-revolutionize-climate-forecasts6Heather H. Pierce et al., ‘Credit Data Generators for Data Reuse’, Nature, Vol. 570, 2019, p.30.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01715-4 | ||
 3.2.2Ecological Models | 7Petr Baldrian, ‘The Known and the Unknown in Soil Microbial Ecology’, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 95, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiz0058D. Cressey, ‘Tropical paradise inspires virtual ecology lab’, Vol. 517, 2015, p.255.https://doi.org/10.1038/517255a9M. Mirtl et al., ‘Genesis, Goals and Achievements of Long-Term Ecological Research at the Global Scale: A Critical Review of ILTER and Future Directions’, Science of The Total Environment , Vol. 626, 2018, p.1439.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.001 | ||
 3.2.3Socio-economic Models | 10United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ‘68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN’, 43236.https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html | ||
 3.2.4Integration and Coupling | 11‘Virtual Singapore’.https://www.nrf.gov.sg/programmes/virtual-singapore12Judith Lemus et al., ‘The 4-Site Pacific Transect Collaborative (4-Site)’, Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol. 55, 2021, p.134.https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.55.3.47 | ||
| 1P.R. Shukla et al., ‘Chapter 5 : Food Security — Special Report on Climate Change and Land’, IPCC, 2019.https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/2‘Future Food Systems for People, our Planet and Prosperity’, 2020.https://www.glopan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Foresight-2.0_Future-Food-Systems_For-people-our-planet-and-prosperity.pdf3IPBES secretariat, ‘Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services’, IPBES, 43602.http://ipbes.net/global-assessment4Pat Mooney et al., ‘A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045’, IPES Food Panel, 2021.http://www.ipes-food.org/_img/upload/files/LongFoodMovementEN.pdf | |||
 3.3.1Ecosystem-level Genetic Modification | 5Leah Shaffer, ‘Inner Workings: RNA-Based Pesticides Aim to Get around Resistance Problems’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.32823.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20240331176Ewen Callaway, ‘CRISPR Plants Now Subject to Tough GM Laws in European Union’, Nature , Vol. 560, 2018, p.16.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05814-67Neil E. Hoffman, ‘Revisions to USDA Biotechnology Regulations: The SECURE Rule’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, 2021.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20048411188S. Torti et al., ‘Transient Reprogramming of Crop Plants for Agronomic Performance’, Nature Plants, Vol. 7, 2021, p.159.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00851-y | ||
 3.3.2Alternative Proteins | 9Zafer Bashi et al., ‘The Market for Alternative Protein: Pea Protein, Cultured Meat, and More’, McKinsey, 43693.https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/alternative-proteins-the-race-for-market-share-is-on10M. C. Onwezen et al., ‘A Systematic Review on Consumer Acceptance of Alternative Proteins: Pulses, Algae, Insects, Plant-Based Meat Alternatives, and Cultured Meat’, Appetite, Vol. 159, 2021, p.105058.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.10505811Nicolas Treich, ‘Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges’, Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 79, 2021, p.33.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3 | ||
 3.3.3Resilient Farming | 12Achim Walter et al., ‘Smart Farming Is Key to Developing Sustainable Agriculture’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.6148.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.170746211413Rodrigo García et al., ‘A Systematic Literature Review on the Use of Machine Learning in Precision Livestock Farming’, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 179, 2020, p.105826.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105826.14F. Leippert et al., ‘The Potential of Agroecology to Build Climate-Resilient Livelihoods and Food Systems ’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020.https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0438en | ||
 3.3.4Personalised Nutrition | 15V. Saroja Voruganti, ‘Nutritional Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease’, Current Genetic Medicine Reports, Vol. 6, 2018, p.98.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40142-018-0143-z16Jose M. Ordovas et al., ‘Personalised Nutrition and Health’, BMJ, Vol. 361, 2018.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k217317Juliane R. Sempionatto et al., ‘Wearable and Mobile Sensors for Personalized Nutrition’, ACS Sensors, Vol. 6, 2021, p.1745.https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00553 | ||
| 1Gil Denis, ‘Towards Disruptions in Earth Observation? New Earth Observation Systems and Markets Evolution: Possible Scenarios and Impacts’, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 137, 2017, p.415.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.04.0342Theodore J. Muelhaupt et al., ‘Space Traffic Management in the New Space Era’, Journal of Space Safety Engineering, Space Traffic Management and Space Situational Awareness, Vol. 6, 2019, p.80.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.05.0073Martin Sudmanns et al., ‘Big Earth Data: Disruptive Changes in Earth Observation Data Management and Analysis?’, International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol. 13, 2020, p.832.https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.15859764‘Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015’.https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1508/text5‘Spaceresources.Lu Initiative’.http://space-agency.public.lu/en/space-resources/the-initiative.html6‘ESRIC - European Space Resources Innovation Centre’.https://www.esric.lu7Linda J. Tacconi et al., ‘Voyage 2050 Final recommendations from the Voyage 2050 Senior Committee’, ESA, 2021.https://www.cosmos.esa.int/documents/1866264/1866292/Voyage2050-Senior-Committee-report-public.pdf/e2b2631e-5348-5d2d-60c1-437225981b6b?t=16234272871098‘Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023–2032’, National Academies.https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/planetary-science-and-astrobiology-decadal-survey-2023-20329‘NASA Publishes Artemis Plan to Land First Woman, Next Man on Moon’, NASA, 2120.https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-publishes-artemis-plan-to-land-first-woman-next-man-on-moon-in-202410Andrew Jones, ‘China Outlines Space Plans to 2025’, Space News, 302021.https://spacenews.com/china-outlines-space-plans-to-2025/11‘White Paper on China’s Space Activities Published’, China Daily, 2816.http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2016/12/28/content_281475527159496.htm12United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, ‘Space Economy Initiative 2020 Outcome Report’, 2021.https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/Space%20Economy/Space_Economy_Initiative_2020_Outcome_Report_Jan_2021.pdf | |||
 3.4.1Earth Orbit | 13‘Outer Space Objects Index’.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=14‘Outer Space Objects Index’.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=15‘Outer Space Objects Index’.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=16Russo Donovan, Eric Rosenbaum, ‘China Plans a Solar Power Play in Space That NASA Abandoned Decades Ago’, CNBC, 172019.https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/china-plans-a-solar-power-play-in-space-that-nasa-abandoned-long-ago.html17‘30 Voices on 2030 – The Future of Space’, KPMG, 2020, p.92.https://home.kpmg/au/en/home/insights/2020/05/30-voices-on-2030-future-of-space.html18‘Copernicus Sentinel Expansion Missions’, ESA.https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Copernicus_Sentinel_Expansion_missions19Kirsty Needham, ‘Plans for First Chinese Solar Power Station in Space Revealed’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 152019.https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/plans-for-first-chinese-solar-power-station-in-space-revealed-20190214-p50xtg.html20‘Space debris: Analysis and Prediction’, ESA.https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris/Analysis_and_prediction21DJ Kessler, BG Cour-Palais, ‘Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt’, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, 1978, p.2637.doi:10.1029/JA083iA06p02637 | ||
 3.4.2The Moon | 22Joey Roulette, ‘NASA’s new space suits are delayed, making a 2024 Moon landing ‘not feasible’’’, The Verge, 102021.https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/10/22618275/nasa-spacesuits-delay-inspector-general-report-2024-artemis23‘Fusion power and the ITER project’, European Commission, 2021.https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/focus-fusion-power-and-iter-project-2021-mai-17_en24Harry Jones, ‘The Recent Large Reduction in Space Launch Cost’, 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2018.https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/74082/ICES_2018_81.pdf25Michael Sheetz, ‘Elon Musk’s SpaceX beats Bezos’ Blue Origin in NASA contest to build astronaut lunar lander’, CNBC, 162021.https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/16/spacex-sole-winner-in-nasas-hls-moon-lander-program-report.html26‘NASA: Artemis’, NASA.https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/index.html27‘ZERO DRAFT OF THE POST-2020 GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK’, UN Convention on Biological Diversity.https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/efb0/1f84/a892b98d2982a829962b6371/wg2020-02-03-en.pdf28John FH Thompson, Jowitt, Simon M., Gavin M. Mudd, ‘Future availability of non-renewable metal resources and the influence of environmental, social, and governance conflicts on metal production.’, Communications Earth & Environment, Vol. 1, 2020, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-0011-029Ugo Bardi, Rolf Jakobi, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi, ‘Mineral Resource Depletion: A Coming Age of Stockpiling?’, Biophysical Economics and Resource Quality, Vol. 1, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41247-016-0004-x30Philip T. Metzger, Jacob Smith, John E. Lane, ‘Phenomenology of Soil Erosion Due to Rocket Exhaust on the Moon and the Mauna Kea Lunar Test Site’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets , Vol. 116, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE00374531Philip T Metzger et al., ‘Cratering and Blowing Soil by Rocket Engines During Lunar Landings’, International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, 2008.https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/6icchge/session10/1 32‘Is There an Atmosphere on the Moon?’, NASA, 2013.http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/lunar-atmosphere.html | ||
 3.4.3Asteroid Belt | 33T. E. Graedel et al., ‘On the materials basis of modern society’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, 2013, p.6295.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131275211034National Research Council, ‘Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy’, National Academies Press, 2008.35Matthias Willbold, Tim Elliott, Stephen Moorbath, ‘The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle before the terminal bombardment’, Nature, Vol. 477, 2011, p.195.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1039936John Brophy et al., ‘Asteroid retrieval feasibility’, IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2012.618703137Andrew Glester, ‘Asteroid Trillionaires’, Physics World, 112018.https://physicsworld.com/a/the-asteroid-trillionaires/38Xiaozhi Lim, ‘The World Is Running Out of Elements, and Researchers Are Looking in Unlikely Places for Replacements’, Discover, 1620.https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-world-is-running-out-of-elements-and-researchers-are-looking-in-unlikely39Jeff Foust, ‘Deep Space Industries Acquired by Bradford Space’, Space News, 219.https://spacenews.com/deep-space-industries-acquired-by-bradford-space/40Jeff Foust, ‘Asteroid Mining Company Planetary Resources Acquired by Blockchain Firm’, Space News, 3118.https://spacenews.com/asteroid-mining-company-planetary-resources-acquired-by-blockchain-firm/41Emily Osterloff, ‘How an asteroid ended the age of the dinosaurs’, Natural History Museum.https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/how-an-asteroid-caused-extinction-of-dinosaurs.html42Yuko Kawaguchi et al., ‘DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space’, Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 11, 2020, p.2050.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.0205043Kristín K. Ragnarsdóttir, ‘Rare metals getting rarer’, Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, 2008, p.720.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo30244Martin Elvis, ‘Prospecting asteroid resources’, Asteroids (Springer), 2013, p.81.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39244-3_445Steven A. Curtis et al., ‘Use of swarm intelligence in spacecraft constellations for the resource exploration of the asteroid belt’, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying, 2003, p.24.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.108.2545&rep=rep1&type=pdf46COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection, ‘COSPAR policy on planetary protection’, Space Resources Today, Vol. 208, 2020.https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/assets/uploads/2020/07/PPPolicyJune-2020_Final_Web.pdf | ||
 3.4.4Mars | 47Elizabeth Howell, ‘A brief history of Mars missions’, space.com, 821.https://www.space.com/13558-historic-mars-missions.html48‘2030-2117 UAE’.https://u.ae/en/more/uae-future/2030-211749Mike Brown, ‘SpaceX Mars city: What Musk's ‘free planet’ declaration really means’, inverse.com, 32021.https://www.inverse.com/innovation/mars-city-spacex-story50Mike Wall, ‘SpaceX's 1st crewed Mars mission could launch as early as 2024, Elon Musk says’, space.com, 22021.https://www.space.com/spacex-launch-astronauts-mars-202451Hanneke Weitering, ‘Elon Musk says SpaceX's 1st Starship trip to Mars could fly in 4 years’, space.com, 172020.https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-mars-trip-202452David S. F. Portree, ‘Mars in 1995! (1980-1981)’, wired.com, 82012.https://www.wired.com/2012/08/mars-in-1995-1980-1981/53‘China plans for first manned mission to Mars in 2033’, aljazeera.com, 242021.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/24/china-plans-for-first-manned-mission-to-mars-in-2033 | ||
| 1‘Center for Science Diplomacy’, American Association for the Advancement of Science.https://www.aaas.org/programs/center-science-diplomacy2Robert Blasiak et al., ‘Evolving Perspectives of Stewardship in the Seafood Industry’, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 8, 2021, p.676.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.6718373‘European Union Science Diplomacy Alliance’, European Union.https://www.science-diplomacy.eu/4R. Blasiak et al., ‘The Ocean Genome: Conservation and the Fair, Equitable and Sustainable Use of Marine Genetic Resources’, High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy.https://oceanpanel.org/blue-papers/ocean-genome-conservation-and-fair-equitable-and-sustainable-use-marine-genetic5Diane Stone, Timothy Legrand, ‘Science Diplomacy and Transnational Governance Impact’, British Politics, Vol. 13, 2018, p.392.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-018-0082-z6Lisa A. Levin et al., ‘Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean’, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 6, 2019, p.241.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.002417Muriel Rabone et al., ‘Access to Marine Genetic Resources (MGR): Raising Awareness of Best-Practice Through a New Agreement for Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ)’, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 6, 2019, p.520.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00520 | |||
 3.5.1Harnessing Ocean Biodiversity | 8R. Blasiak et al., ‘The Ocean Genome and Future Prospects for Conservation and Equity’, Nature Sustainability , Vol. 3, 2020, p.588.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0522-99Miguel C. Leal et al., ‘Fifty Years of Capacity Building in the Search for New Marine Natural Products’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.24165.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200761011710Luis R. Vieira, Fernando Morgado, ‘Marine Bioprospecting to Improve Knowledge of the Biological Sciences and Industrial Processes’, Affordable and Clean Energy (Springer), 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71057-0_117-1 | ||
 3.5.2Transition Ecosystems | 11Romain Hugonnet et al., ‘Accelerated Global Glacier Mass Loss in the Early Twenty-First Century’, Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.726.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z12Jonathan Watts, ‘World Will Lose 10% of Glacier Ice Even If It Hits Climate Targets’, Guardian, 292021.http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/29/world-lose-glacier-ice-climate-targets13Junaid Furhan, ‘Adaptation, Production, and Biotechnological Potential of Cold-Adapted Proteases from Psychrophiles and Psychrotrophs: Recent Overview’, Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 18, 2020, p.36.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-020-00053-7 | ||
 3.5.3Repairing the Ocean | 14Reniel B. Cabral et al., ‘A Global Network of Marine Protected Areas for Food’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.28134.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200017411715Ove Hoegh-Guldberg et al., ‘The Ocean as a Solution to Climate Change: Five Opportunities for Action’, oceanpanel.org, 2019.https://oceanpanel.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf16Ramaitha Al Busaidi, ‘5 Ways to Net a Sustainable Future for Aquaculture’, World Economic Forum, 202018.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/5-ways-to-guarantee-sustainable-aquaculture/17Terry P. Hughes et al., ‘Global Warming and Recurrent Mass Bleaching of Corals’, Nature , Vol. 543, 2017, p.373.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature2170718Karine Kleinhaus, ‘Science, Diplomacy, and the Red Sea’s Unique Coral Reef: It’s Time for Action’, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 7, 2020.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.0009019Manuel González-Rivero et al., ‘Monitoring of Coral Reefs Using Artificial Intelligence: A Feasible and Cost-Effective Approach’, Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, 2020, p.489.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1203048920Lisa Boström-Einarsson et al., ‘Coral Restoration – A Systematic Review of Current Methods, Successes, Failures and Future Directions’, PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, 2020, p.226631.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631 | ||
 3.5.4Improved Ocean Observation | 21‘GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project’’.https://seabed2030.org/22Runlong Miao, Shuo Pang, Dapeng Jiang, ‘Development of an Inexpensive Decentralized Autonomous Aquatic Craft Swarm System for Ocean Exploration’, Journal of Marine Science and Application, Vol. 18, 2019, p.343.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-019-00097-323Jongeun Choi, Mahdi Jadaliha, ‘Environmental Monitoring Using Autonomous Aquatic Robots: Sampling Algorithms and Experiments’, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 21, 2013, p.899.https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2012.2190070 | ||
| 1Joseph E Stiglitz, ‘Crises, Contagion, and the Need for a New Paradigm’, 2012.https://video.ethz.ch/conferences/2012/latsis/05_thursday/97d032db-a6c2-4194-9d14-f1202a9c18cf.html2Dirk Helbing, ‘Globally Networked Risks and How to Respond’, Nature, Vol. 497, 2013, p.51.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature120473Kenneth S. Rogoff, Carmen M. Reinhart, ‘From Financial Crash to Debt Crisis’, American Economic Review, Vol. 5, 2011, p.1676.https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.5.16764European Commission Directorate General for Research and Innovation, ‘alues for the Future: The Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance’, 2021.https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/595827 | |||
 4.1.1Computational Social Science | 5David M. J. Lazer et al., ‘Computational Social Science: Obstacles and Opportunities’, Science, Vol. 369, 2020, p.1060.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8170 | ||
 4.1.2Digital Democracy | 6Beth Simone Noveck, ‘Five Hacks for Digital Democracy’, Nature, Vol. 544, 2017, p.287.https://doi.org/10.1038/544287a | ||
 4.1.3Collective Intelligence | 7Dirk Helbing, Richard P. Mann, ‘Optimal Incentives for Collective Intelligence’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.5077.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.16187221148Anita Williams Woolley, Ishani Aggarwal, Thomas W. Malone, ‘Collective Intelligence and Group Performance’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 24, 2015, p.420.https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415599543 | ||
 4.1.4Design for Values | 9Nynke Tromp and Paul Hekkert, ‘Designing for Society: Products and Services for a Better World’, 2019.10European Commission Directorate General for Research and Innovation, ‘alues for the Future: The Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance’, 2021.https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/59582711IEEE, ‘IEEE 7000-2021 - IEEE Approved Draft Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns During System Design’’, 2021.https://standards.ieee.org/standard/7000-2021.html | ||
| 1M. L Cummings et al., ‘Artificial Intelligence and International Affairs: Disruption Anticipated’, 2018.https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-06-14-artificial-intelligence-international-affairs-cummings-roff-cukier-parakilas-bryce.pdf2Dr Corneliu Bjola, ‘Diplomacy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence’, ETHZ, 82019.https://isnblog.ethz.ch/technology/diplomacy-in-the-age-of-ai3Akin Unver, ‘Computational Diplomacy: Foreign Policy Communication in the Age of Algorithms and Automation’, SSRN Scholarly Paper, 2017.https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=33316404Nora Meier, Michael Ambühl, ‘Negotiation Engineering: Why Quantitative Thinking Can Also Be Useful in Negotiations’, Swiss Pharma, Vol. 43, 2021, p.37.https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/4775775Jordi Sabater-Mir, Isaac Pinyol, ‘Computational Trust and Reputation Models for Open Multi-Agent Systems: A Review’’, Artificial Intelligence Review, Vol. 40, 2013, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-011-9277-z | |||
 4.2.1Computational Diplomacy | 6Global Diplomacy Index, ‘Global Diplomacy Index’, Lowy Institute, 2019.https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org | ||
 4.2.2Negotiation Engineering | 7Michael Ambühl, Tobias W. Langenegger, ‘Negotiation Engineering: A Quantitative Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation’, Group Decision and Negotiation, Vol. 27, 2018, p.9.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-017-9547-58Michael Ambühl, ‘Negotiation Engineering: Why Quantitative Thinking Can Also Be Useful in Negotiations’, Swiss Pharma, Vol. 43, 2021, p.37.https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/477577 | ||
 4.2.3Predictive Peacekeeping | 9Philip A. Schrodt, James Yonamine, Benjamin E. Bagozzi, ‘Data-Based Computational Approaches to Forecasting Political Violence’, Handbook of Computational Approaches to Counterterrorism (Springer), 2013.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5311-6_710John Karlsrud, Allard Duursma, ‘Predictive Peacekeeping: Strengthening Predictive Analysis in UN Peace Operations’, Stability: International Journal of Security and Development , Vol. 8, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.66311Marco Lagi, Karla Z. Bertrand, Yaneer Bar-Yam, ‘The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East’, SSRN Scholarly Paper, 2011.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.191003112John Karlsrud, ‘Peacekeeping 4.0: Harnessing the Potential of Big Data, Social Media, and Cyber Technologies’, Cyberspace and International Relations: Theory, Prospects and Challenges (Springer), 2014.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37481-4_9 | ||
 4.2.4Trust and Co-operation Modelling | 13Alexander Peysakhovich, Adam Lerer, ‘Maintaining Cooperation in Complex Social Dilemmas Using Deep Reinforcement Learning’, ArXiv:1707.01068 [Cs], 22018.http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.0106814Isaac Pinyol, ‘Computational Trust and Reputation Models for Open Multi-Agent Systems: A Review’’, Artificial Intelligence Review, Vol. 40, 2013, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-011-9277-z | ||
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 4.3.1Learning Analytics | 8Kenneth R. Koedinger et al., ‘Using Data-Driven Discovery of Better Student Models to Improve Student Learning’, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer), 2013, p.421. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_439Yancy Vance Paredes et al., ‘Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics for Improving Online Learning Environments’, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 64, 2020, p.500.https://doi.org/10.1177/107118132064111310Gwo-Jen Hwang et al., ‘A Fuzzy Expert System-Based Adaptive Learning Approach to Improving Students’ Learning Performances by Considering Affective and Cognitive Factors’, Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, 2020, p.100003.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100003 | ||
 4.3.2Educational Sensing | 4Amy Ogan, ‘Reframing Classroom Sensing: Promise and Peril’, Interactions, Vol. 26, 2019, p.26.https://doi.org/10.1145/33589025Anthony Petrosino, Mitchell J. Nathan, ‘Expert Blind Spot Among Preservice Teachers’, American Educational Research Journal , Vol. 40, 2003, p.905.https://doi.org/10.3102/000283120400049056Yu Lu et al., ‘A Framework for Learning Analytics Using Commodity Wearable Devices’, Sensors, Vol. 17, 2017, p.1382.https://doi.org/10.3390/s170613827Ryan Shaun Baker et al., ‘Off-Task Behavior in the Cognitive Tutor Classroom: When Students “Game the System”’, CHI ’04: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2004, p.383.https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985741 | ||
 4.3.3Out-of-school Learning | 11Khe Foon Hew, Min Lan, ‘Examining Learning Engagement in MOOCs: A Self-Determination Theoretical Perspective Using Mixed Method’, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, Vol. 17, 2020, p.7.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-0179-512World Economic Forum, ‘A Global Standard for Lifelong Learning and Worker Engagement to Support Advanced Manufacturing’, VOCED Plus, 2019.https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:8796013Marcela Escobari, Ian Seyal, Michael J. Meaney, ‘Realism about Reskilling’, Brookings, 2019.https://www.brookings.edu/research/realism-about-reskilling14OECD, ‘Understanding the Social Outcomes of Learning’, OECD, 2007.https://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/understandingthesocialoutcomesoflearning.htm | ||
 4.3.4Neuroscientific Aspects of Learning | 15Nastasya Honoré et al., ‘Training Inhibition and Social Cognition in the Classrooms’, Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 11, 2020, p.1974.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.0197416Daphne S. Ling, Adele Diamond, ‘Conclusions about Interventions, Programs, and Approaches for Improving Executive Functions That Appear Justified and Those That, despite Much Hype, Do Not’, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 18, 2016, p.34.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.11.00517Bianca A. Simonsmeier et al., ‘Electrical Brain Stimulation (TES) Improves Learning More than Performance: A Meta-Analysis’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 84, 2018, p.171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.00118Corinna Klinge et al., ‘Methylphenidate Enhances Implicit Learning in Healthy Adults’, Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 32, 2018, p.70.https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731472 | ||
| 1Johannes Buggle, Paula Cacault, Jean-Pierre Danthine, ‘Bending the Line: Moving Towards a Circular Economy’, Enterprise for Society Center, 2021.https://e4s.center/document/moving-towards-a-circular-economy/2United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ‘Global Sustainable Development Report 2019’, 2019.https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/global-sustainable-development-report-2019.html3Stephen Polasky et al., ‘Role of economics in analyzing the environment and sustainable development’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.5233.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.19016161164‘A New Circular Economy Action Plan For a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe’, European Commission, 2020.https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN5‘Universal circular economy policy goals: enabling the transition to scale’, Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2021.https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/universal-circular-economy-policy-goals-enabling-the-transition-to-scale6‘Charting Pathways for Inclusive Growth: From Paralysis to Preparation’, Pathways Commission, 2018, p.1.https://pathwayscommission.bsg.ox.ac.uk/charting-pathways-report | |||
 4.4.1Managing Climate Externalities | 7Susan Martin, ‘Climate Change, Migration, and Governance’, Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, Vol. 16, 2010, p.397.https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-016030088Miyuki Hino, Christopher B. Field, Katharine J. Mach, ‘Managed retreat as a response to natural hazard risk’, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, 2017, p.364.https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate32529Benjamin K. Sovacool, Björn-Ola Linnér, Michael E. Goodsite, ‘The political economy of climate adaptation’, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, 2015, p.616.https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2665 | ||
 4.4.2Automation and Work | 10Johannes Buggle, Paula Cacault, Jean-Pierre Danthine, ‘Automation Technologies and the Future of Work: Policies for Inclusive Growth’, Enterprise for Society Center, 2021.https://e4s.center/document/lautomatisation-et-lavenir-du-travail/11James Manyika et al., ‘Jobs lost, jobs gained: workforce transitions in a time of automation | VOCEDplus, the international tertiary education and research database’, McKinsey Global Institute, 2017.https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A7829712Pascual Restrepo, Daron Acemoglu, ‘Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 33, 2019, p.3.https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.313Bret Bogenschneider, Ryan Abbott, ‘Should Robots Pay Taxes? Tax Policy in the Age of Automation’, Harvard Law and Policy Review, Vol. 12, 2018.https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2932483 | ||
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 4.4.4Sustainable Global Trade | 16Mohsin Raza, Pim Martens, ‘Is Globalisation Sustainable?’, Sustainability, Vol. 2, 2010, p.280.https://doi.org/10.3390/su201028017Walter J. V. Vermeulen, ‘Self-Governance for Sustainable Global Supply Chains: Can it Deliver the Impacts Needed?’, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 24, 2015, p.73.https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.180418Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour et al., ‘Sustainability of supply chains in the wake of the coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: lessons and trends’, Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications, Vol. 2, 2020, p.117.https://doi.org/10.1108/MSCRA-05-2020-001119Santosh Nandi et al., ‘Redesigning Supply Chains using Blockchain-Enabled Circular Economy and COVID-19 Experiences’, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 27, 2021, p.10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.019 | ||
| 1‘Center for Science Diplomacy’, American Association for the Advancement of Science.https://www.aaas.org/programs/center-science-diplomacy2Robert Blasiak et al., ‘Evolving Perspectives of Stewardship in the Seafood Industry’, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 8, 2021, p.676.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.6718373‘European Union Science Diplomacy Alliance’, European Union.https://www.science-diplomacy.eu/4R. Blasiak et al., ‘The Ocean Genome: Conservation and the Fair, Equitable and Sustainable Use of Marine Genetic Resources’, High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy.https://oceanpanel.org/blue-papers/ocean-genome-conservation-and-fair-equitable-and-sustainable-use-marine-genetic5Diane Stone, Timothy Legrand, ‘Science Diplomacy and Transnational Governance Impact’, British Politics, Vol. 13, 2018, p.392.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-018-0082-z | |||
 4.5.1Multistakeholder Technology Diplomacy | 6Daniel Gehrt, ‘Does Science Diplomacy Work in Highly Competitive Technology Areas? An Analysis of the EU’s S&T Cooperation with China in the Field of Solar Photovoltaics’, Science and Diplomacy, 232019.https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2019/does-science-diplomacy-work-in-highly-competitive-technology-areas-analysis-eus-st7Claudio Feijóo et al., ‘Harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Increase Wellbeing for All: The Case for a New Technology Diplomacy’, Telecommunications Policy, Artificial intelligence, economy and society, Vol. 44, 2020, p.101988.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101988 | ||
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 4.5.3Diplomacy for Big Science | 11Jovan Kurbalija, Katharina E. Höne, ‘Accelerating Basic Science in an Intergovernmental Framework: Learning from CERN’s Science Diplomacy’, Global Policy, Vol. 9, 2018, p.67.https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.1258912Anna Åberg, ‘The Ways and Means of ITER: Reciprocity and Compromise in Fusion Science Diplomacy’, History and Technology, Vol. 37, 2021, p.106.https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.1891851 | ||
 4.5.4Managing the Global Commons | 13Cassandra M. Brooks et al., ‘Reaching Consensus for Conserving the Global Commons: The Case of the Ross Sea, Antarctica’, Conservation Letters , Vol. 13, 2020, p.12676.https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.1267614Harriet Harden-Davies, ‘The next Wave of Science Diplomacy: Marine Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction’, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 75, 2018, p.426.https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx16515Paul Arthur Berkman et al., ‘The Arctic Science Agreement Propels Science Diplomacy’, Science, Vol. 358, 2017, p.596.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq089016Cassandra Steer, ‘Global Commons, Cosmic Commons: Implications of Military and Security Uses of Outer Space’, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 18, 2017, p.9.https://doi.org/10.1353/gia.2017.0003 | ||