Cited Key Resources
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Cited Key Resources
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Cited Key Resources
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5.5SyntheticBiology5.4Science ofthe Originsof Life5.3FutureEconomics5.2Future ofEducation5.1ComplexSystemsScience4.4Democracy-affirming Technologies4.1Science-basedDiplomacy4.2Advances inScience Diplomacy4.3Digital Technologiesand Conflict3.7InfectiousDiseases3.6Solar RadiationModification3.5OceanStewardship3.4SpaceResources3.3Future FoodSystems3.2WorldSimulation3.1Decarbonisation2.6FutureTherapeutics2.5Organoids2.4ConsciousnessAugmentation2.3RadicalHealthExtension2.2HumanApplicationsof GeneticEngineering2.1CognitiveEnhancement1.6CollectiveIntelligence1.5AugmentedReality1.4BiologicalComputing1.3Brain-inspiredComputing1.2QuantumTechnologies1.1AdvancedAIHIGHEST ANTICIPATIONPOTENTIAL
5.5SyntheticBiology5.4Science ofthe Originsof Life5.3FutureEconomics5.2Future ofEducation5.1ComplexSystemsScience4.4Democracy-affirming Technologies4.1Science-basedDiplomacy4.2Advances inScience Diplomacy4.3Digital Technologiesand Conflict3.7InfectiousDiseases3.6Solar RadiationModification3.5OceanStewardship3.4SpaceResources3.3Future FoodSystems3.2WorldSimulation3.1Decarbonisation2.6FutureTherapeutics2.5Organoids2.4ConsciousnessAugmentation2.3RadicalHealthExtension2.2HumanApplicationsof GeneticEngineering2.1CognitiveEnhancement1.6CollectiveIntelligence1.5AugmentedReality1.4BiologicalComputing1.3Brain-inspiredComputing1.2QuantumTechnologies1.1AdvancedAIHIGHEST ANTICIPATIONPOTENTIAL

Appendices:

Cited Key Resources

    Each of the 28 scientific emerging topics described in the science breakthrough radar presents a carefully vetted overview by lead scientists of the current state-of-the-art in a given field and what could be important science breakthroughs in 5, 10 or 25 years. The descriptions of the emerging topics and related subfields draw upon evidence from key resources and publications from the scientific literature. This section provides a list of cited resources, organised by emerging topic and related sub-fields.
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    Key Resources By Topic:

    1Kaiming He et al., , 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2015, p.1026.https://doi/10.1109/ICCV.2015.1232Oriol Vinyals et al., , arXiv:1708.04782 [cs], 2017.http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.047823Reuters Staff, , Reuters, 2020.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autonomous-waymo-idUSKBN1Z61RX4Justin Weinberg, , Daily Nous, 2020.https://dailynous.com/2020/07/30/philosophers-gpt-3/5, 2016 Report | One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100), 2016.https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report6Bart Selman, Yolanda Gil, , arXiv:1908.02624 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.026247, 2020.https://www.stateof.ai/8Sonja Zillner et al., , 2020.https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/strategic-research-innovation-and-deployment-agenda-ai-data-and-r9, The Foundation for Law and International Affairs, 2017.https://flia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/A-New-Generation-of-Artificial-Intelligence-Development-Plan-1.pdf

    1.1.1Deeper Machine Learning

    10Kenji Kawaguchi, Leslie Pack Kaelbling, Yoshua Bengio, , arXiv:1710.05468 [cs, stat], 2020.http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.0546811Kaj Sotala, , AAAI-16 AI, Society and Ethics workshop, 2016, p.10.https://intelligence.org/files/DefiningValuesForValueLearners.pdf12Robert R. Hoffman et al., , arXiv:1812.04608 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.04608

    1.1.2Human-centred AI

    13Mark O. Riedl, , arXiv:1901.11184 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.1118414Danica Kragic et al., , Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018, p.18.https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/3

    1.1.3Next-level AI

    15Yaqing Wang et al., , ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 53, 2020, p.10301.https://doi.org/10.1145/338625216Artur d’Avila Garcez et al., , arXiv:1905.06088 [cs], 2019.http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.0608817Gary Marcus, , arXiv:1801.00631 [cs, stat], 2018.http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00631

    1.1.4Interdisciplinary AI

    18Hsin-Yuan Huang et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.2631.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22539-919Jacob Biamonte et al., , Nature, Vol. 549, 2017, p.195.https://doi.org10.1038/nature2347420Amira Abbas et al., , Nature Computational Science, Vol. 1, 2021, p.403.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00084-1
    1European Quantum Flagship, , 2020.https://qt.eu//app/uploads/2020/04/Strategic_Research-_Agenda_d_FINAL.pdf2Government Office for Science, , 2016.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/quantum-technologies-blackett-review3National Science and Technology Council, , 2018.https://www.quantum.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2018_NSTC_National_Strategic_Overview_QIS.pdf4OIDA, , OIDA Reports, Vol. 3, 2020.https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OIDA-2020-3

    1.2.1Quantum Communication

    5Juan Yin et al., , Nature, Vol. 582, 2020, p.501.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y6Yu-Ao Chen et al., , Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.214.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03093-87Jiu-Peng Chen et al., , Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, 2021, p.570.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00828-58Antonio Acín et al., , Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, 2007, p.230501.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.230501

    1.2.2Quantum Computing

    9Frank Arute et al., , Nature, Vol. 574, 2019, p.505.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-510Iris Choi, Amir Fruchtman, , Networked Quantum Information Technologies, 2016.https://nqit.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.nqit.ox.ac.uk/files/2016-11/NQIT%20Technical%20Roadmap.pdf

    1.2.3Quantum Sensing and Imaging

    11S. Pirandola et al., , Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, 2018, p.724.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0301-612J. M. Boss et al., , Science, Vol. 356, 2017, p.837.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7009

    1.2.4Quantum Foundations

    13Adriana Marais et al., , Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 15, 2018, p.20180640.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.064014Francesco Petruccione, Betony Adams, , AVS Quantum Science, Vol. 2, 2020, p.22901.https://doi.org/10.1116/1.513517015Francesco Campaioli et al., , Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, 2017, p.150601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.15060116Betony Adams, , Physics World, 2021.https://physicsworld.com/do-quantum-effects-play-a-role-in-consciousness/17Na Li et al., , Anesthesiology, Vol. 129, 2018, p.271.https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.000000000000222618Jeri A. Sechzer et al., , Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 21, 1986, p.1258.https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(86)90308-2
    1Dennis Christensen et al., , arXiv:2105.05956 [cond-mat], 2021, accessed 11th May 2021.http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.059562Steve Furber, , Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 13, 2016, p.51001, accessed 31st Jul 2016.https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/13/5/0510013Catherine D Schuman et al., , arXiv:1705.06963 [cs], 2017, accessed 18th May 2017.http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.069634Jack D. Kendall, Suhas Kumar, , Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 7, 2020, p.11305, accessed 29th Feb 2020.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5129306

    1.3.1Neural Network Architectures

    5Oliver Rhodes et al., , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 378, 2020, p.20190160, accessed 6th Feb 2020.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.01606Qiao Ning et al., , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 9, 2015, accessed 31st Dec 2014.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00141

    1.3.2Neuromorphic Systems

    7Mantas Mikaitis et al., , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 12, 2018, accessed 31st Dec 2017.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.001058Alexander N. Tait et al., , Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 2017, p.7430, accessed 6th Aug 2017.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07754-z9Xingyuan Xu et al., , Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.44, accessed 31st Dec 2020.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03063-010Mike Davies et al., , IEEE Micro, Vol. 38, 2018, p.82, accessed 31st Dec 2017.https://doi.org/10.1109/MM.2018.11213035911Filipp Akopyan et al., , IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 34, 2015, p.1537, accessed 30th Sep 2015.https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2015.2474396

    1.3.3Neural Network Algorithms

    12Thomas Bohnstingl et al., , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 13, 2019, accessed 31st Dec 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.0048313Youhui Zhang et al., , Nature, Vol. 586, 2020, p.378, accessed 30th Sep 2020.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2782-y

    1.3.4Neuromorphic Benchmarking

    14Mike Davies, , Nature Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1, 2019, p.386, accessed 31st Aug 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0097-115, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Neuro-inspired Computational Elements Workshop, 2019, p.1, accessed 25th Mar 2019.https://doi.org/10.1145/3320288.3320304
    1Neil Dalchau et al., , Natural Computing, 2018, accessed 3rd Jun 2018.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-018-9686-x2Lewis Grozinger et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z3Oliver Purcell, Timothy K. Lu, , Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Cell and Pathway Engineering, Vol. 29, 2014, p.146, accessed 30th Sep 2014.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.04.0094Jennifer A.N. Brophy, Christopher A. Voigt, , Nature Methods, Vol. 11, 2014, p.508, accessed 30th Apr 2014.https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2926

    1.4.1Bio-architectures

    5Hyojin Kim, Daniel Bojar, Martin Fusseneger, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.7214, accessed 8th Apr 2019.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.18217401166Angel Goñi-Moreno, Pablo I. Nikel, , Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 7, 2019, accessed 31st Dec 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00040

    1.4.2Bio-computational Logic and Strategies

    7Lewis Grozinger et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z8Dan V. Nicolau et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, 2016, p.2591, accessed 7th Mar 2016.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15108251139Javier Macia et al., , PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 12, 2016, p.1004685, accessed 31st Jan 2016.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004685

    1.4.3Programmable Bio-synthesis

    10Airbus, , Airbus, 2020.https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/05/airbus-and-koniku-inc-embark-on-disruptive-biotechnology-solutions-for-aviation-security-operations.html11Alexis Courbet et al., , Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 7, 2015, p.28983, accessed 26th May 2015.https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3601

    1.4.4Novel Bio-computing Paradigms

    12Lewis Grozinger et al., , Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250, accessed 19th Nov 2019.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z13John Selberg, Marcella Gomez, Marco Rolandi, , Cell Systems, Vol. 7, 2018, p.231, accessed 25th Sep 2018.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2018.08.007
    1Deloitte Insights, .https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/topics/emerging-technologies/digital-reality-technical-primer.html2Ellysse Dick, .https://itif.org/publications/2021/08/30/promise-immersive-learning-augmented-and-virtual-reality-potential3Alexandra D. Kaplan et al., , Human Factors, Vol. 63, 2021, p.706.https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208209042294Luís Fernando de Souza Cardoso, Flávia Cristina Martins, Queiroz Mariano, Ezequiel Roberto Zorzal, , Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 139, 2020, p.106159.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.1061595India – EN, , 2021.https://www.bcg.com/en-in/publications/2020/unleashing-the-power-of-data-with-iot-and-augmented-reality6CB Insights Research, , 2022.https://www.cbinsights.com/research/metaverse-market-map/7PricewaterhouseCoopers, .https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/technology/publications/economic-impact-of-vr-ar.html8Luis Muñoz-Saavedra, Lourdes Miró-Amarante, Manuel Domínguez-Morales, , Applied Sciences, 10, Vol. 1, p.322.https://doi.org/10.3390/app100103229Yunqiang Chen et al., , Journal of Physics, Vol. 1237, 2019, p.22082.https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1237/2/02208210Facebook IQ, .https://en-gb.facebook.com/business/news/insights/future-ar-vr11The Future of Privacy Forum, , 2021.https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-4.16.21-Digital.pdf

    1.5.1Augmented reality hardware

    12Jianghao Xiong et al., , Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 10, 2021, p.216.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00658-813Kodai Matsuhashi, Toshiki Kanamoto, Atsushi Kurokawa, , Sensors, Vol. 20, 2020, p.1446.https://doi.org/10.3390/s2005144614Anton S. Kaplanyan et al., , ACM Transactions on Graphics, 38, Vol. 212, 2019, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.335655715Ismo Rakkolainen, Antti Sand, Roope Raisamo, , IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, Vol. 94, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1109/ISM46123.2019.0002216Mojo Vision, .https://www.mojo.vision/mojo-lens

    1.5.2Augmented experiences

    17Fazliaty Edora Fadzli et al., , IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 864, 2020, p.12081.https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/864/1/01208118Zhizhong Kang et al., , ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 9, 2020, p.330.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi905033019Yulyani Arifin, Thomas Galih Sastria, Edo Barlian, , Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 135, 2018, p.648.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.22120Chandan K. Sahu, Crystal Young, Rahul Rai, , International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 59, 2021, p.4903.https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1859636

    1.5.3AR platforms

    21Melike Erol-Kantarci, Sukhmani Sukhmani, , Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Vol. 169, 2018.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74439-1_1522ETSI COMS TEAM, .https://www.etsi.org/committee?id=1740.23Daniel Castro, , 2022.https://itif.org/publications/2022/02/28/content-moderation-multi-user-immersive-experiences-arvr-and-future-online

    1.5.4Human factors of AR

    24Echo Chambers, .https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/echo-chambers-filter-bubbles-and-polarisation-literature-review25Alyssa N. Saiphoo, Zahra Vahedi, , Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 101, 2019, p.259.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.02826Alexandra Krugliak, Alex Clarke, , Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, 2022, p.2291.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06296-327Christine Vinci et al., , Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, Vol. 27, 2020, p.12357.https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12357
    1Thomas W. Malone, A. Williams Woolley, , The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770422.0332M. Ryan et al., , 2020.https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/using-collective-intelligence-solve-public-problems/3K. Peach et al., .https://acceleratorlabs.undp.org/content/acceleratorlabs/en/home/library/Collective-Intelligence-Sustainable-Development-Getting-Smarter-Together.html4, 2015.https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/handbook-collective-intelligence5K. Peach, A. Berditchchevskaia, T. Bass, .https://www.nesta.org.uk/toolkit/collective-intelligence-design-playbook/6S. Suran, V. Pattanaik, D. Draheim, , ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 53, 2020, p.50496.https://doi.org/10.1145/33689867Gianni Giacomelli, .https://www.supermind.design

    1.6.1Large-scale collaboration

    8L. See, , Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 7, 2019.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2019.0004410A. Berditchchevskaia, P. Baeck, .https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/future-minds-and-machines/11Liang Tan et al., , Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 76, 2021, p.103517.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2021.10351712A. Skarzauskiene, M. Maciuliene, D. Bar, , Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference, Vol. 3, 2021, p.10183.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63092-8_70

    1.6.2Smarter teams

    13E. Bernstein, J. Shore, D. Lazer, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, 2018, p.8734.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.180240711514I. Aggarwal et al., , Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 2019.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0011215E. Glikson et al., , Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 2019.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0081416P. Gupta, A. Williams Woolley, , Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2, Vol. 62, 2018, p.1.https://doi.org/10.1145/327433117P. Gupta et al., , Proceedings of Collective Intelligence, 2019.https://ci.acm.org/2019/assets/proceedings/CI_2019_paper_7.pdf18L. Metcalf, D.A. Askay, L.B. Rosenberg, , California Management Review, Vol. 61, 2019, p.84.https://doi.org/10.1177/000812561986225619Michael L. Barnett et al., , JAMA Network Open, Vol. 2, 2019, p.190096.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0096

    1.6.3Collective cognition

    20I. Momennejad, , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 377, 2022, p.20200315.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.031521C. Riedl et al., , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, 2021, p.2005737118.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200573711822T. Millhouse, M. Moses, M. Mitchell, , 2021.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.06864

    1.6.4Human-computer interaction

    23M. Beaudouin-Lafon, S. Bødker, W.E. Mackay, , ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 28, 2021, p.162114.https://doi.org/10.1145/346850524J. Koch et al., , Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, 2020, p.162087.https://doi.org/10.1145/339285025N.C. Rabinowitz et al., , 2018.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1802.07740
    1Caterina Cinel, Davide Valeriani, Riccardo Poli, , Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.000132Jeannie-Marie S. Leoutsakos et al., , Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, Vol. 64, 2018, p.597.https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-1801213Francis R. Willett et al., , Nature, Vol. 593, 2021, p.249.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03506-24Royal Society, , The Royal Society, 2019.https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/ihuman-perspective/

    2.1.1Brain Monitoring

    5Alexander J. Casson, , Biomedical Engineering Letters, Vol. 9, 2019, p.53.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-018-00093-66James J. Jun et al., , Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, p.232.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature246367Stephan Waldert, , Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 10, 2016.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00295

    2.1.2Neuromodulation Delivery Systems

    8Rafael Polanía, Michael A. Nitsche, Christian C. Ruff, , Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 21, 2018, p.174.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-017-0054-49Daria Antonenko et al., , Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, p.2273.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38630-710Shuo Chen et al., , Science, Vol. 359, 2018, p.679.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq114411A. Velisar et al., , Brain Stimulation, Vol. 12, 2019, p.868.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.020

    2.1.3Hybrid Cognition

    12Sara Reardon, , Nature, Vol. 551, 2017, p.549.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.2303113Shinji Nishimoto et al., , Current Biology, Vol. 21, 2011, p.1641.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.03114T. Horikawa et al., , Science, Vol. 340, 2013, p.42.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.123433015Junhong Yu et al., , Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 104, 2019, p.43.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.02716Nobuhito Abe et al., , Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 18, 2008, p.2811.https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn037

    2.1.4Memory Modification

    17Itzhak Fried, Emily A. Mankin, , Neuron, Vol. 106, 2020, p.218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.02418Nanthia Suthana et al., , New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 366, 2012, p.502.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa110721219Briana K. Chen et al., , Current Biology, Vol. 29, 2019, p.1885.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.06520Xu Liu et al., , Nature, Vol. 484, 2012, p.381.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1102821Stephanie Naufel et al., , Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 332, 2020, p.108539.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108539
    1Steven M. Weisberg, Daniel Badgio, Anjan Chatterjee, , Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 5, 2017.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.001172National Academy of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society et al., , National Academies Press, 2020.https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25665/heritable-human-genome-editing3Giulia Cavaliere, , WHO, 2019, p.19.https://www.who.int/ethics/topics/human-genome-editing/WHO-Commissioned-Ethics-paper-March19.pdf4Krishanu Saha et al., , Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.195.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03191-15WHO, , WHO, 2021.https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030381

    2.2.1Gene-based Diagnostics and Prevention

    6Ji Chen et al., , Nature Genetics, Vol. 53, 2021, p.840.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00852-97Muhammad Naeem et al., , Cells, Vol. 9, 2020, p.1608.https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071608

    2.2.2Gene Therapies and Enhancement

    8Jacqueline Martin-Laffon, Marcel Kuntz, Agnès E. Ricroch, , Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 37, 2019, p.613.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0138-79Edward A. Stadtmauer et al., , Science, Vol. 367, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba736510Thomas Gaj, Charles A. Gersbach, Carlos F. Barbas, , Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 31, 2013, p.397.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.004

    2.2.3Novel Bioengineering Approaches

    11Krzysztof Krawczyk et al., , Science, Vol. 368, 2020, p.993.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau718712Keiichi Mochida et al., , Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 9, 2018.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01770

    2.2.4Synthetic Organisms

    1Carlos López-Otín et al., , Cell, Vol. 153, 2013, p.1194.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.0392Brian Kennedy et al., , Cell, Vol. 159, 2014, p.709.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.0393Tamar Tchkonia, James Kirkland, , Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 288, 2020, p.518.https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.131414Nir Barzilai et al., , Cell Metabolism, Vol. 23, 2016, p.1060.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011

    2.3.1Diagnostics and markers of age

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    2.3.2Fundamental Geroscience

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    2.3.3Slowing Biological Ageing

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    2.3.4Reversing Ageing

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    2.4.1Cognitive Capacity Enhancement

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    2.4.2Consciousness Assessment

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    2.4.3Brain-Machine Interfaces

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    2.4.4Sense-expanding Technologies

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    2.5.1Foundational research

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    2.5.2Hybrid organoids

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    2.5.3Translation and personalised organoids

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    2.5.4Enabling technologies

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    2.6.1Electrical therapies

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    2.6.2Data-led therapies

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    2.6.3Cell, gene, biomimetic and nucleic acid therapies

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    2.6.4Immunome-based therapies

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    3.1.1Negative Emission Technologies

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    3.1.2Energy Transition

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    3.1.3Advanced Materials

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    3.1.4Energy Storage

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    3.2.1Physical Models

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    3.2.2Ecological Models

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    3.2.3Socio-economic Models

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    3.2.4Integration and Coupling

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    3.3.1Ecosystem-level Genetic Modification

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    3.3.2Alternative Proteins

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    3.3.3Resilient Farming

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    3.3.4Personalised Nutrition

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    3.4.1Earth Orbit

    13.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=14.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=15.https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=16Russo Donovan, Eric Rosenbaum, , CNBC, 172019.https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/china-plans-a-solar-power-play-in-space-that-nasa-abandoned-long-ago.html17, KPMG, 2020, p.92.https://home.kpmg/au/en/home/insights/2020/05/30-voices-on-2030-future-of-space.html18, ESA.https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Copernicus_Sentinel_Expansion_missions19Kirsty Needham, , The Sydney Morning Herald, 152019.https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/plans-for-first-chinese-solar-power-station-in-space-revealed-20190214-p50xtg.html20, ESA.https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris/Analysis_and_prediction21DJ Kessler, BG Cour-Palais, , Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, 1978, p.2637.doi:10.1029/JA083iA06p02637

    3.4.2The Moon

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    3.4.3Asteroid Belt

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    3.4.4Mars

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    3.5.1Harnessing Ocean Biodiversity

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    3.5.2Transition Ecosystems

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    3.5.3Repairing the Ocean

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    3.5.4Improved Ocean Observation

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    3.6.1Stratospheric aerosol injection

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    3.6.2Cloud engineering

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    3.6.3Terrestrial solar radiation modification

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    3.6.4Space-based solar radiation modification

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    3.7.1Pathogen biology

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    3.7.2Zoonotic disease

    3.7.3Vector control

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    3.7.4Outbreak prevention

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