Cited Key Resources - GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar

Each of the 28 scientific emerging topics described in the science breakthrough radar presents a carefully vetted overview by lead scientists of the current state-of-the-art in a given field and what could be important science breakthroughs in 5, 10 or 25 years. The descriptions of the emerging topics and related subfields draw upon evidence from key resources and publications from the scientific literature. This section provides a list of cited resources, organised by emerging topic and related sub-fields.

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Key Resources By Topic:

1.1Advanced AI ris
1K. He 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2015, p.1026. https://doi/10.1109/ICCV.2015.1232O. Vinyals arXiv:1708.04782 [cs], 2017. http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.047823R. Staff Reuters, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autonomous-waymo-idUSKBN1Z61RX4D. Habassis deepmind.com, 2022. https://www.deepmind.com/blog/alphafold-reveals-the-structure-of-the-protein-universe5Open AI openai.com. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt6J. Kaplan arXiv.org, 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2001.083617J. Hoffmann arXiv.org, 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.155568G. Marcus arXiv.org, 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2002.06177
1.1.1Deeper Machine Learning	9J. Devlin arXiv.org, 2019. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1810.0480510T. Wolf Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations (Online: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020, 2020, p.38. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-demos.611S. Khan ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 54, 2022, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1145/350524412J. Wei arXiv.org, 2022. http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.0768213S. Rosenbush Wall Street Journal, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/scientists-at-deepmind-and-meta-press-fusion-of-ai-biology-4b92af6f14Z. Ji ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 55, 2023, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730
1.1.2Multimodal AI	15H. Caesar Computer Vision Foundation, 2020. https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/html/Caesar_nuScenes_A_Multimodal_Dataset_for_Autonomous_Driving_CVPR_2020_paper.html16J. N. Nature Medicine, Vol. 28, 2022, p.1773. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01981-217A. Ramesh arXiv.org, 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2204.0612518Open AI arXiv.org, 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.0877419D. Driess arXiv.org, 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.0337820M. Ahn arXiv.org, 2022. http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.01691
1.1.3 Intelligent devices	21W. Wan Nature, Vol. 608, 2022, p.504. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04992-822L. Deng Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 108, 2020, p.485. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2020.297647523T. Li IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 37, 2020, p.50. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2020.297574924S. Höfer IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, Vol. 18, 2021, p.398. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2021.3064065
1.1.4Alternative AI	25M. Waldrop Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.1074. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182159411626A. d'Avilia Garcez, L. Lamb Artificial Intelligence Review, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10448-w27E. Bareinboim Probabilistic and Causal Inference: The Works of Judea Pearl, Vol. 36, 2022, p.507. https://doi.org/10.1145/3501714.350174328R. van Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Vol. 1, 2021, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-020-00001-2

1.2Quantum Revolution ris

1.2.1Quantum Communication	5Juan Yin et al. Nature, Vol. 582, 2020, p.501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y6Yu-Ao Chen et al. Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.214. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03093-87Jiu-Peng Chen et al. Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, 2021, p.570. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00828-58Antonio Acín et al. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, 2007, p.230501. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.230501
1.2.2Quantum Computing	9Frank Arute et al. Nature, Vol. 574, 2019, p.505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-510Iris Choi, Amir Fruchtman Networked Quantum Information Technologies, 2016. https://nqit.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.nqit.ox.ac.uk/files/2016-11/NQIT%20Technical%20Roadmap.pdf
1.2.3Quantum Sensing and Imaging	11S. Pirandola et al. Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, 2018, p.724. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0301-612J. M. Boss et al. Science, Vol. 356, 2017, p.837. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7009
1.2.4Quantum Foundations	13Adriana Marais et al. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 15, 2018, p.20180640. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.064014Francesco Petruccione, Betony Adams AVS Quantum Science, Vol. 2, 2020, p.22901. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.513517015Francesco Campaioli et al. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, 2017, p.150601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.15060116Betony Adams Physics World, 2021. https://physicsworld.com/do-quantum-effects-play-a-role-in-consciousness/17Na Li et al. Anesthesiology, Vol. 129, 2018, p.271. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.000000000000222618Jeri A. Sechzer et al. Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 21, 1986, p.1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(86)90308-2

1.3Unconventional Computing ris

1.3.1Neuromorphic Computing	1C. D. Schuman Nature Computational Science, Vol. 2, 2022, p.10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00184-y.2D. V. Christensen Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, Vol. 2, 2022, p.22501. https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ac4a83.3M. Mikaitis Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 12, 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00105.4F. Akopyan IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 34: 1537, Vol. 34, 2015, p.1537. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2015.2474396.5G. Orchard ArXiv.org, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.03746.6S. Kumar Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 7, 2022, p.575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00434-z.
1.3.2Organoid Intelligence	7B. Koo Molecules and Cells, Vol. 42, 2019, p.617. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2019.0162.8L. Smirnova Frontiers in Science, 2023. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2023.1017235.9S. M. Prog Brain Res., Vol. 130, 2001, p.49. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)30005-5.10B. J. bioRxiv.org, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.02.471005.11H. Cai bioRxiv.org, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.28.530502.12M. Hofer Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 6, 2021, p.402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00279-y.13I. Hyun Brain Research, Vol. 1732, 2020, p.146653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146653.
1.3.3Cellular Computing	14H. Kim Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, 2019, p.7214. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821740116.15L. Grozinger Nature Communications, Vol. 10, 2019, p.5250. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13232-z.16D. V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, 2016, p.2591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510825113.17J. Macia PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 12, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004685.18X. Li Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.3139. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23336-0.19M. E. Afkhami Science, Vol. 380, 2023, p.798. DOI:10.1126/science.adi1594.20A. Goñi-Moreno Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 7, 2019. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00040.
1.3.4Optical Computing	21S. Y. Siew Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 39, 2021, p.4374. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2021.3066203.22The Economist The Economist, 2022. https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2022/12/20/artificial-intelligence-and-the-rise-of-optical-computing.23J. Eli Bourassa Quantum, Vol. 5, 2021, p.392. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-02-04-392.24B. J. Shastri Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, 2021, p.102. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-00754-y.25J. Mao Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 7, 2019, p.1900766. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201900766.26D. R. Solli, B. Jalali Nature Photonics, Vol. 9, 2015, p.704. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.208.

1.4Augmented Reality ris
1Deloitte Insights https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/topics/emerging-technologies/digital-reality-technical-primer.html2Ellysse Dick https://itif.org/publications/2021/08/30/promise-immersive-learning-augmented-and-virtual-reality-potential3Alexandra D. Kaplan et al. Human Factors, Vol. 63, 2021, p.706. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208209042294Luís Fernando de Souza Cardoso, Flávia Cristina Martins, Queiroz Mariano, Ezequiel Roberto Zorzal Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 139, 2020, p.106159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.1061595India – EN 2021. https://www.bcg.com/en-in/publications/2020/unleashing-the-power-of-data-with-iot-and-augmented-reality6CB Insights Research 2022. https://www.cbinsights.com/research/metaverse-market-map/
1.4.1Augmented reality hardware	12Jianghao Xiong et al. Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 10, 2021, p.216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00658-813Kodai Matsuhashi, Toshiki Kanamoto, Atsushi Kurokawa Sensors, Vol. 20, 2020, p.1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/s2005144614Anton S. Kaplanyan et al. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 38, Vol. 212, 2019, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.335655715Ismo Rakkolainen, Antti Sand, Roope Raisamo IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, Vol. 94, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISM46123.2019.0002216Mojo Vision https://www.mojo.vision/mojo-lens
1.4.2Augmented experiences	17Fazliaty Edora Fadzli et al. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 864, 2020, p.12081. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/864/1/01208118Zhizhong Kang et al. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 9, 2020, p.330. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi905033019Yulyani Arifin, Thomas Galih Sastria, Edo Barlian Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 135, 2018, p.648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.22120Chandan K. Sahu, Crystal Young, Rahul Rai International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 59, 2021, p.4903. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1859636
1.4.3AR platforms	21Melike Erol-Kantarci, Sukhmani Sukhmani Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Vol. 169, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74439-1_1522ETSI COMS TEAM https://www.etsi.org/committee?id=1740.23Daniel Castro 2022. https://itif.org/publications/2022/02/28/content-moderation-multi-user-immersive-experiences-arvr-and-future-online
1.4.4Human factors of AR	24Echo Chambers https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/echo-chambers-filter-bubbles-and-polarisation-literature-review25Alyssa N. Saiphoo, Zahra Vahedi Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 101, 2019, p.259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.02826Alexandra Krugliak, Alex Clarke Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, 2022, p.2291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06296-327Christine Vinci et al. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, Vol. 27, 2020, p.12357. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12357

1.5Collective Intelligence ris
1Thomas W. Malone, A. Williams Woolley The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770422.0332M. Ryan et al. 2020. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/using-collective-intelligence-solve-public-problems/3K. Peach et al. https://acceleratorlabs.undp.org/content/acceleratorlabs/en/home/library/Collective-Intelligence-Sustainable-Development-Getting-Smarter-Together.html
1.5.1Large-scale collaboration	8L. See Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 7, 2019. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2019.0004410A. Berditchchevskaia, P. Baeck https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/future-minds-and-machines/11Liang Tan et al. Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 76, 2021, p.103517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2021.10351712A. Skarzauskiene, M. Maciuliene, D. Bar Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference, Vol. 3, 2021, p.10183. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63092-8_70
1.5.2Smarter teams	13E. Bernstein, J. Shore, D. Lazer Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, 2018, p.8734. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.180240711514I. Aggarwal et al. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 2019. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0011215E. Glikson et al. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 2019. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0081416P. Gupta, A. Williams Woolley Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2, Vol. 62, 2018, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1145/327433117P. Gupta et al. Proceedings of Collective Intelligence, 2019. https://ci.acm.org/2019/assets/proceedings/CI_2019_paper_7.pdf18L. Metcalf, D.A. Askay, L.B. Rosenberg California Management Review, Vol. 61, 2019, p.84. https://doi.org/10.1177/000812561986225619Michael L. Barnett et al. JAMA Network Open, Vol. 2, 2019, p.190096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0096
1.5.3Collective cognition	20I. Momennejad Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 377, 2022, p.20200315. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.031521C. Riedl et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, 2021, p.2005737118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200573711822T. Millhouse, M. Moses, M. Mitchell 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.06864
1.5.4Human-computer interaction	23M. Beaudouin-Lafon, S. Bødker, W.E. Mackay ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 28, 2021, p.162114. https://doi.org/10.1145/346850524J. Koch et al. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, 2020, p.162087. https://doi.org/10.1145/339285025N.C. Rabinowitz et al. 2018. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1802.07740

2.1Cognitive Enhancement ris
1M. Dresler ACS Chem Neurosci, Vol. 10, 2019, p.1137. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571.2C. M. Giattino Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society, 2019, p.397. https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314269.
2.1.1Fundamentals of cognition	3A. F. Kramer Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 11, 2002, p.173. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00194.4N. Barzilai Cell Metab., Vol. 23, 2016, p.1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011.5I. Bidzan-Bluma, M. Lipowska Int J Environ Res Public Health, Vol. 15, 2018, p.800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800.6R. Goldthorpe Front Neurol, Vol. 11, 2020, p.575075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.575075.7A. Chopin Curr Opin Psychol., Vol. 29, 2019, p.168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.03.004.8L. Colzato Neuroscientist, Vol. 322, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858420945971.
2.1.2Brain monitoring	9P. Pinti Jpn Psychol Res, Vol. 60, 2018, p.347. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12206.10J. Glaser eNeuro, Vol. 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0506-19.2020.11E. Baeg Neuron, Vol. 40, 2003, p.177. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00597-x.12F. Willett bioRxiv, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.21.524489.13J. Tang Nat Neurosci, Vol. 26, 2023, p.858. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01304-9.
2.1.3Neuromodulation systems	14D. Antonenko Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, p.2273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38630-715T. D. Kim Experimental Neurobiology, Vol. 28, 2019, p.1. https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2019.28.1.1.16A. Sofía Nature Communications, Vol. 13, 2022, p.7707. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34510-3.17J. Hamzelou Technology Review, 2022. https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/09/06/1059032/memory-prosthesis-damaged-brains/.18S. Greengard Communications of the ACM, Vol. 65, 2022, p.18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3535193.19X. Strakosas Science, Vol. 379, 2023, p.795. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adc9998.20R. Levy Reuters, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/science/elon-musks-neuralink-gets-us-fda-approval-human-clinical-study-brain-implants-2023-05-25/21ClinicalTrials.gov ClinicalTrials.gov, 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0383485722A. Paulk Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 25, 2022, p.252. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-021-00997-0.
2.1.4Exogenous cognition	23A. Zador Nature Communications, Vol. 14, 2023, p.1597. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37180-x.24J. Song AAAS (2021), 2021. https://www.aaas.org/news/robotic-thumb-changes-how-brain-sees-hand.

2.2Human Applications of Genetic Engineering ris
1J. Couzin-Frankel Science, 6. https://www.science.org/content/article/cutting-edge-crispr-gene-editing-appears-safe-three-cancer-patients.2Z. Liu Molecular Cancer, Vol. 22, 2023, p.35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01738-6.3R. Stein NPR, 13. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/13/1140384354/crispr-improves-cancer-immunotherapy-car-t-cell.4H. Ledford Nature, Vol. 588, 2020, p.383. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03476-x.5H. Frangoul New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 384, 2021, p.252. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031054.6V. Pharmaceuticals clinicaltrials.gov, 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03745287.
2.2.1Diagnostics	7G. Costain CMAJ, Vol. 193, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.210549.8R. Ding International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22, 2021, p.4842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094842.9J. E. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 386, 2022, p.700. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2112090.10N. Human Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Sequencing-Human-Genome-cost.11V. Marx Nat Methods, Vol. 20, 2023, p.6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-022-01730-w.12J. Wosen STAT, 22. https://www.statnews.com/2023/03/22/euan-ashley-stanford-genome-sequencing/.
2.2.2Next generation editors and delivery	13S. Suh Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2210104119.14M. Labant Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, 7. https://www.genengnews.com/topics/genome-editing/non-crispr-gene-editing-platforms-make-the-cut-or-avoid-making-it/.15F. Tenjo-Castaño Biochemistry, 21. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00379.16S. E. Nature, Vol. 571, 2019, p.219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1323-z.17Q. Yuan Nature Communications, Vol. 13, 2022, p.2771. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30514-1.18F. Sinclair Drug Delivery and Translational Research, Vol. 13, 2023, p.1500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-023-01320-z.19A. Zamecnik Pharmaceutical Technology, 3. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/crispr-gene-therapies-is-2023-a-milestone-year-in-the-making/.20H. Ledford Nature, 8. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03476-x.21Y. Ma Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Vol. 113, 2022, p.353. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-03036-2.
2.2.3Engineered organism and AI-based tools	22J. Kaiser Science, Vol. 376, 2021, p.1034. https://www.science.org/content/article/better-crispr-another-way-fix-gene-problems-may-be-safer-and-more-versatile.23D. M. Ichikawa Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 26, 2023, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01624-4.24K. Mochida Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 9, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01770.25K. Saha Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.195. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03191-1.26I. Sample The Guardian, 3. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/03/scientists-create-worlds-first-synthetic-embryos.
2.2.4Alternatives to direct gene editing	27J. K. Cell, Vol. 184, 2021, p.2503. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867421003536.28R. Trager Chemistry World, 21. https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/the-launch-of-a-new-field-precision-microbiome-editing/4017260.article.29Z. Wang Nature, Vol. 472, 2011, p.57. https://doi.org.10.1038/nature09922.30J. M. Science Advances, Vol. 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm5091.31K. Krawczyk Science, Vol. 368, 2020, p.993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7187.32L. Zhang Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 12, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.766364.

2.3Healthspan Extension ris
1B. Kennedy Cell, Vol. 159, 2014, p.709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.039.2S. Jay JAMA, Vol. 320, 2018, p.1323. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12621.
2.3.1Fundamental Geroscience	3C. Debès Nature, Vol. 616, 2023, p.814. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05922-y.4C. López-Otín Cell, Vol. 186, 2023, p.243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001.5Z. Zhang Biorxiv.org, 2023. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539405v1.article-metrics.6T. Wilmanski Nat Metab, Vol. 3, 2021, p.274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00348-0.
2.3.2Diagnostics, hallmarks and biomarkers	7D. W eLife, Vol. 11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.73420.8W. Chan The Guardian, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jun/13/biological-age-startups-why.9S. Ahadi Nature Medicine, Vol. 26, 2020, p.83. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0719-5.10A. Zenin Communications Biology, Vol. 2, 2019, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0290-0.11C. Nie Cell Rep, Vol. 38, 2022, p.110459. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110459.12Y. Ella Nat Med, Vol. 29, 2023, p.1221. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02296-6.13V. Smer-Barreto Nat Commun, Vol. 14, 2023, p.3445. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39120-1.14A. Zhavoronkov Ageing Research Reviews, Vol. 49, 2019, p.49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.003.15C. Nie Cell Reports, Vol. 38, 2022, p.110459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110459.16L. Drew Nature, Vol. 601, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00077-8.17J. Yang Cell, Vol. 186, 2023, p.305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.027.
2.3.3Healthspan therapies and interventions	18L. Fontana Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, Vol. 176, 2018, p.19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2018.10.005.19R. G. Jones The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 601, 2023, p.763. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283836.20J. B. Mannick Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 6, 2014, p.268. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3009892.21Q. Xue Aging, Vol. 8, 2016, p.769. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100929.22T. Weichhart Gerontology, Vol. 64, 2017, p.127. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484629.23C. Ross Aging, Vol. 7, 2015, p.964. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100843.24Z. Dave, R. Strong Experimental Gerontology, Vol. 176, 2023, p.112166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2023.112166.25C. A. Bannister Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Vol. 16, 2014, p.1165. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12354.26J. Leth, D. Bakalua, M. Scheibye-Knudsen Frontiers in Aging, Vol. 3, 2022. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2022.820215.
2.3.4Lifespan extension and rejuvenation	26J. Leth, D. Bakalua, M. Scheibye-Knudsen Frontiers in Aging, Vol. 3, 2022. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2022.820215.27T. V. Pyrkov Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.2765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23014-1.28Z. Zhang bioRxiv.org, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.04.539405.29X. Tian Cell, Vol. 177, 2019, p.622. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.043.30Y. Lu Nature, Vol. 588, 2020, p.124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4.31K. C. Browder Nature Aging, Vol. 2, 2022, p.243. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-022-00183-2.32A. da Silva-Junior Stem Cell Res Ther, Vol. 12, 2021, p.69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-02130-733Y. Lu Nature, Vol. 588, 2020, p.124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4.34J. Yang Cell, Vol. 186, 2023, p.305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.027.36R. G. Lee Circulation, Vol. 147, 2023, p.242. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062132.37C. C. Macip bioRxiv.org, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.04.522507.38J. Hamzelou MIT Technology Review, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/31/1073750/new-longevity-state-rhode-island/

2.4Consciousness Augmentation ris
1O. Ferrante BiorXiv.org, 2023. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546249v1.
2.4.1Consciousness assessment	2P. Gui Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 23, 2020, p.761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-0639-1.3P. Jain Brain Commun., Vol. 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcad094.4A. Castegnaro Hippocampus, Vol. 32, 2022, p.660. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23458.5P. Jain Brain Commun., Vol. 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcad094.6M. Lee Nat Commun, Vol. 13, 2022, p.1064. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28451-0.7L. Chang Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.3258. .org/10.1073/pnas.1620764114.8J. Tassiere Science Advances, Vol. 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl5547.9A. Seth Nat Rev Neurosci, Vol. 23, 2022, p.439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00587-4.
2.4.2Cognitive capacity enhancement	10L. Winerman apa.org, 2013. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter.11A. Rudenko Neuropharmacology, Vol. 80, 2014, p.70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.043.12P. Bertrand Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 5, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00026.13E. Krokos Virtual Reality, Vol. 23, 2019, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0346-3.14E. Walsh, D. A. Oakley Neuroscience of Consciousness, Vol. 2022, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niac009.15F. Callaway Proc Natl Acad Sci., Vol. 119, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117432119.
2.4.3Consciousness-augmenting interventions	16F. Napoletano Front Psychiatry, Vol. 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.54679617R. Hardy Nature.com, 2023. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02093-8.18A. Thibaut Neurology, Vol. 82, 2014, p.1112. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000260.19F. Frohlich Curr Behav Neurosci Rep., Vol. 8, 2021, p.51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-021-00227-8.20K. Scangos Nature Medicine, Vol. 27, 2021, p.1696. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01480-w.21M. M. Shanechi Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 22, 2019, p.1554. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0488-y.
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2.5Organoids ris
1B. Paulsen et al. Nature, Vol. 602, 2022, p.268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04358-62F. Cugola et al. Nature, Vol. 534, 2016, p.267. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature182963C.A. Trujillo et al. Cell Stem Cell, Vol. 25, 2019, p.558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.0024L. Liu et al. J Transl Med, Vol. 19, 2021, p.40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02677-25A. Smith, C. Kuo Nat Med, Vol. 23, 2017, p.1399. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.44546Y. Li et al. Cell Regeneration, Vol. 9, 2020, p.21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z7E. Berishvili et al. Transpl Int, Vol. 34, 2021, p.1588. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.139888G. Rossi, A. Manfrin, M.P. Lutolf Nat Rev Genet, Vol. 19, 2018, p.671. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0051-99H. Clevers Cell, Vol. 165, 2016, p.1586. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.08210M. Hofer, M.P. Lutolf Nat Rev Mater, Vol. 6, 2021, p.402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00279-y11S. Velasco, B. Paulsen, P. Arlotta Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 43, 2020, p.375. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154.12National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine https://doi.org/10.17226/26078
2.5.1Foundational research	13S. Kanton et al. Nature, Vol. 574, 2019, p.418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1654-914C.A. Trujillo et al. Science, Vol. 12, 2021, p.371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax253715H. Clevers Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Vol. 21, 2020, p.355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0258-416C.A. Trujillo, A.R. Muotri Trends Mol Med, Vol. 24, 2018, p.982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2018.09.00517Y.J. Kang, H. Cho Organoid, Vol. 1, 2021, p.5. https://doi.org/10.51335/organoid.2021.1.e518D.J. Steinberg et al. EMBO Molecular Biology, Vol. 13, 2021, p.13610. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202013610
2.5.2Hybrid organoids	20National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine https://doi.org/10.17226/2607821L. Schley https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/meet-the-scientists-connecting-lab-grown-mini-brains-to-robots22Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health https://caat.jhsph.edu/programs/oi/.23University of California Television https://youtu.be/nohbx-TXsyk.24M. Korody et al. Stem Cells and Development, Vol. 30, 2021, p.177. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2021.0001
2.5.3Translation and personalised organoids	25A. Smith, C. Kuo Nat Med, Vol. 23, 2017, p.1399. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.445426W.C. Peng, L.J. Kraaier, T.A. Kluiver Exp Mol Med, Vol. 53, 2021, p.1512. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00579-x27B. Herpers et al. Nat Cancer, Vol. 3, 2022, p.418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-022-00359-0
2.5.4Enabling technologies

2.6Future Therapeutics ris

2.6.1Electrical therapies	9K. Scangos et al. Nature Medicine, Vol. 27, 2021, p.1696. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01480-w10 https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220504005281/en/Synchron-Announces-Enrollment-of-First-Patient-in-U.S.-Endovascular-Brain-Computer-Interface-Study-COMMAND-in-Patients-With-Severe-Paralysis.11C. Adaikkan et al. Neuron. https://doi.org10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.01112Chieh-Hsin Lee, Fabrizio Giuliani Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 10, 2019, p.1696. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.0169613Yin Long et al. ACS Nano, Vol. 12, 2018, p.12533. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b0703814Murugan Nirosha et al. Vol. 28, 2022, p.264. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj2164
2.6.2Data-led therapies	15 The Economist, 2022. https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2022/05/02/some-health-apps-are-able-not-just-to-diagnose-diseases-but-also-to-treat-them16Riccardo De Bin et al. Briefings in Bioinformatics, Vol. 21, 2020, p.1904. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz13617Thomas Davenport, Ravi Kalakota Future Healthcare Journal, Vol. 6, 2019, p.94. https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-9418Silvana Secinaro et al. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol. 21, 2021, p.125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01488-919George Bazoukis et al. Cell reports: Medicine, Vol. 3, 2022, p.100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100485
2.6.3Cell, gene, biomimetic and nucleic acid therapies	21Haydar Frangoul et al. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 384, 2021, p.252. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa203105422Michael Le Page New Scientist, 2022. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2323437-pancreatic-cancer-vaccine-what-to-know-about-early-promising-results/23Hengrui Liu et al. Nature Communications, Vol. 13, 2022, p.1891. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29413-224Cochrane.org 2021. https://www.cochrane.org/news/remdesivir-treatment-covid-1925Britton Boras et al. Nature Communications, Vol. 12, 2021, p.6055. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26239-226Jin-Wook Yoo et al. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 10, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3499
2.6.4Immunome-based therapies	27Alex Waldman et al. Nat Rev Immunol, Vol. 20, 2020, p.651. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0306-528Aisha S. Shariqa et al. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 83, 2018, p.86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.00329Ramy A. Arnaout et al. Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 12, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.626793

3.1Decarbonisation ris
1Z. Liu Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 4, 2023, p.205. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00406-z.2NOAA noaa.gov, 2023. https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/greenhouse-gases-continued-to-increase-rapidly-in-2022.3NASA nasa.gov, 2023. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-says-2022-fifth-warmest-year-on-record-warming-trend-continues.4WMO wmo.int, 2023. https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=222725P. Friedlingstein Earth Syst. Sci. Data, Vol. 14, 2022, p.4811. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022.6United Nations Climate Change unfccc.int. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.7UNEP unep.org, 2022. https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022.8D. J. van de Ven Nat. Clim. Chang., Vol. 13, 2023, p.570. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01661-0.
3.1.1Negative emissions technologies	9T. Royal royalsociety.org, 2018. https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/greenhouse-gas-removal/.10M. Marshall bbc.com, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200521-planting-trees-doesnt-always-help-with-climate-change.11N. Li Journal of CO2 Utilization, Vol. 65, 2022, p.102237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102237.
3.1.2Renewable energy	12H. Ritchie ourworldindata.org, 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy.13IEA iea.org. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-electricity14J. Jager wri.org, 2021. https://www.wri.org/insights/growth-renewable-energy-sector-explained.15IRENA irena.org, 2021. https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2020.16P. Nayak Nat Rev Mater, Vol. 4, 2019, p.269. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0097-0.17A. Vaughn newscientist.com. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933200-400-a-hydrogen-fuel-revolution-is-coming-heres-why-we-might-not-want-it/.18P. Ball scientificamerican.com, 2023. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-future-of-fusion-energy/.19E. Commission European Commission, 2023. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-04/ec_rtd_eu-smr-declaration-2030.pdf20IEA iea.org, 2022. https://www.iea.org/news/renewable-power-s-growth-is-being-turbocharged-as-countries-seek-to-strengthen-energy-security21R. Wiser Nat Energy, Vol. 6, 2021, p.555. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00810-z.
3.1.3Hard-to-abate emissions	22M. Martínez-Álvaro Commun Biol, Vol. 5, 2022, p.350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03293-0.23A. Jasińska Energies, Vol. 16, 2023, p.3885. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093885.24Material Economics 2019. https://materialeconomics.com/latest-updates/industrial-transformation-205025C. Maldonado Energy Procedia, Vol. 120, 2017, p.120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.160.26E. Mathieu, H. Ritchie ourworldindata.org, 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/vegetarian-vegan.27D. Timmons, R. Terwel Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 369, 2022, p.133097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133097
3.1.4Energy Demand	28J. Barrett Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions,, 2021. https://www.creds.ac.uk/publications/the-role-of-energy-demand-reduction-in-achieving-net-zero-in-the-uk/.29IEA iea.org, 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050.30IEA iea.org. https://www.iea.org/reports/buildings.31A. Fernandez iea.org, 2021. https://www.iea.org/articles/net-zero-by-2050-hinges-on-a-global-push-to-increase-energy-efficiency.32IEA iea.org, 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050.

3.2Earth Systems Modelling ris

3.2.1Modelling of feedbacks in the Earth system	1T. Schneider Nat. Geosci., Vol. 12, 2019, p.163. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0310-1.2N. J. Fraser, S. A. Cunningham Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 48, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL0938933G. Carlos Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372.4R. Bonnet Nat Commun, Vol. 12, 2021, p.6108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26370-0.5K. R. Miner Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 3, 2022, p.55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00230-3.
3.2.2Tipping element modelling and forecasting	6N. Boers, M. Rypdal PNAS, Vol. 118, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20241921187L. E.O.C. Aragoão Nat Commun, Vol. 9, 2018, p.536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02771-y.8T. Oliveira Assis Environ. Res. Lett., Vol. 15, 2020, p.104035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9cfc.9K. R. Miner Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 3, 2022, p.55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00230-3.10S. Wang Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 61, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000757.
3.2.3Interactions between earth systems	11D. D. Baldocchi Glob Change Biol., Vol. 26, 2020, p.242. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14807.12R. Knox ESS Open Archive, 2023. https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.167810418.80767445/v1.13T. M. Lenton Nat. Sustain., 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6.14S. Resilience https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/the-nine-planetary-boundaries.html.15J. Rockström Nature, Vol. 461, 2009, p.472. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a.16L. Wang-Erlandsson Nat. Rev. Earth. Environ., Vol. 3, 2022, p.380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00287-8.
3.2.4Model intercomparison	17R. Döscher Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 2021, p.1. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022.18Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison 2022. https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/index.html.19Z. Hausfather Nature 605: 26 (2022), Vol. 605, 2022, p.26. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01192-2.

3.3Future Food Systems ris

3.3.1Ecosystem-level Genetic Modification	5Leah Shaffer Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.32823. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20240331176Ewen Callaway Nature , Vol. 560, 2018, p.16. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05814-67Neil E. Hoffman Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20048411188S. Torti et al. Nature Plants, Vol. 7, 2021, p.159. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00851-y
3.3.2Alternative Proteins	9Zafer Bashi et al. McKinsey, 43693. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/alternative-proteins-the-race-for-market-share-is-on10M. C. Onwezen et al. Appetite, Vol. 159, 2021, p.105058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.10505811Nicolas Treich Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 79, 2021, p.33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3
3.3.3Resilient Farming	12Achim Walter et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.6148. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.170746211413Rodrigo García et al. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 179, 2020, p.105826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105826.14F. Leippert et al. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0438en
3.3.4Personalised Nutrition	15V. Saroja Voruganti Current Genetic Medicine Reports, Vol. 6, 2018, p.98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40142-018-0143-z16Jose M. Ordovas et al. BMJ, Vol. 361, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k217317Juliane R. Sempionatto et al. ACS Sensors, Vol. 6, 2021, p.1745. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00553

3.4Space Resources ris
1Gil Denis Acta Astronautica, Vol. 137, 2017, p.415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.04.0342Theodore J. Muelhaupt et al. Journal of Space Safety Engineering, Space Traffic Management and Space Situational Awareness, Vol. 6, 2019, p.80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.05.0073Martin Sudmanns et al. International Journal of Digital Earth, Vol. 13, 2020, p.832. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.15859764 https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1508/text5 http://space-agency.public.lu/en/space-resources/the-initiative.html6 https://www.esric.lu
3.4.1Earth Orbit	13 https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=14 https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=15 https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/index.jspx?lf_id=16Russo Donovan, Eric Rosenbaum CNBC, 172019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/china-plans-a-solar-power-play-in-space-that-nasa-abandoned-long-ago.html17 KPMG, 2020, p.92. https://home.kpmg/au/en/home/insights/2020/05/30-voices-on-2030-future-of-space.html18 ESA. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Copernicus_Sentinel_Expansion_missions19Kirsty Needham The Sydney Morning Herald, 152019. https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/plans-for-first-chinese-solar-power-station-in-space-revealed-20190214-p50xtg.html20 ESA. https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris/Analysis_and_prediction21DJ Kessler, BG Cour-Palais Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, 1978, p.2637. doi:10.1029/JA083iA06p02637
3.4.2The Moon	22Joey Roulette The Verge, 102021. https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/10/22618275/nasa-spacesuits-delay-inspector-general-report-2024-artemis23 European Commission, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/focus-fusion-power-and-iter-project-2021-mai-17_en24Harry Jones 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2018. https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/74082/ICES_2018_81.pdf25Michael Sheetz CNBC, 162021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/16/spacex-sole-winner-in-nasas-hls-moon-lander-program-report.html26 NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/index.html27 UN Convention on Biological Diversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/efb0/1f84/a892b98d2982a829962b6371/wg2020-02-03-en.pdf28John FH Thompson, Jowitt, Simon M., Gavin M. Mudd Communications Earth & Environment, Vol. 1, 2020, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-0011-029Ugo Bardi, Rolf Jakobi, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Biophysical Economics and Resource Quality, Vol. 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41247-016-0004-x30Philip T. Metzger, Jacob Smith, John E. Lane Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets , Vol. 116, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE00374531Philip T Metzger et al. International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, 2008. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/6icchge/session10/1 32 NASA, 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/lunar-atmosphere.html
3.4.3Asteroid Belt	33T. E. Graedel et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, 2013, p.6295. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131275211034National Research Council National Academies Press, 2008. 35Matthias Willbold, Tim Elliott, Stephen Moorbath Nature, Vol. 477, 2011, p.195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1039936John Brophy et al. IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2012.618703137Andrew Glester Physics World, 112018. https://physicsworld.com/a/the-asteroid-trillionaires/38Xiaozhi Lim Discover, 1620. https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-world-is-running-out-of-elements-and-researchers-are-looking-in-unlikely39Jeff Foust Space News, 219. https://spacenews.com/deep-space-industries-acquired-by-bradford-space/40Jeff Foust Space News, 3118. https://spacenews.com/asteroid-mining-company-planetary-resources-acquired-by-blockchain-firm/41Emily Osterloff Natural History Museum. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/how-an-asteroid-caused-extinction-of-dinosaurs.html42Yuko Kawaguchi et al. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 11, 2020, p.2050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.0205043Kristín K. Ragnarsdóttir Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, 2008, p.720. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo30244Martin Elvis Asteroids (Springer), 2013, p.81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39244-3_445Steven A. Curtis et al. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying, 2003, p.24. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.108.2545&rep=rep1&type=pdf46COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection Space Resources Today, Vol. 208, 2020. https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/assets/uploads/2020/07/PPPolicyJune-2020_Final_Web.pdf
3.4.4Mars	47Elizabeth Howell space.com, 821. https://www.space.com/13558-historic-mars-missions.html48 https://u.ae/en/more/uae-future/2030-211749Mike Brown inverse.com, 32021. https://www.inverse.com/innovation/mars-city-spacex-story50Mike Wall space.com, 22021. https://www.space.com/spacex-launch-astronauts-mars-202451Hanneke Weitering space.com, 172020. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-mars-trip-202452David S. F. Portree wired.com, 82012. https://www.wired.com/2012/08/mars-in-1995-1980-1981/53 aljazeera.com, 242021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/24/china-plans-for-first-manned-mission-to-mars-in-2033

3.5Ocean Stewardship ris
1Beatrice Crona et al. Environmental Research Science, Vol. 16, 2021, p.63005. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac02ed/meta2 The Royal Society, 2010. https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/New_Frontiers.pdf3UN Global Compact 2020. https://unglobalcompact.org/library/5742
3.5.1Harnessing Ocean Biodiversity	8R. Blasiak et al. Nature Sustainability , Vol. 3, 2020, p.588. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0522-99Miguel C. Leal et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.24165. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200761011710Luis R. Vieira, Fernando Morgado Affordable and Clean Energy (Springer), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71057-0_117-1
3.5.2Transition Ecosystems	11Romain Hugonnet et al. Nature, Vol. 592, 2021, p.726. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z12Jonathan Watts Guardian, 292021. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/29/world-lose-glacier-ice-climate-targets13Junaid Furhan Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 18, 2020, p.36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-020-00053-7
3.5.3Repairing the Ocean	14Reniel B. Cabral et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, 2020, p.28134. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200017411715Ove Hoegh-Guldberg et al. oceanpanel.org, 2019. https://oceanpanel.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf16Ramaitha Al Busaidi World Economic Forum, 202018. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/5-ways-to-guarantee-sustainable-aquaculture/17Terry P. Hughes et al. Nature , Vol. 543, 2017, p.373. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature2170718Karine Kleinhaus Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.0009019Manuel González-Rivero et al. Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, 2020, p.489. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1203048920Lisa Boström-Einarsson et al. PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, 2020, p.226631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631
3.5.4Improved Ocean Observation	21 https://seabed2030.org/22Runlong Miao, Shuo Pang, Dapeng Jiang Journal of Marine Science and Application, Vol. 18, 2019, p.343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-019-00097-323Jongeun Choi, Mahdi Jadaliha IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 21, 2013, p.899. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2012.2190070

3.6Solar Radiation Modification ris
2 IPCC, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p.3. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.0013L. Cao et al. Geophys Res Lett, Vol. 44, 2017, p.7429. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL0742814C2G https://www.c2g2.net/intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change/5B. Kravitz, D.G. MacMartin Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 1, 2020, p.6475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0004-7
3.6.1Stratospheric aerosol injection	10D.E. Parker et al. Int J Climatol, Vol. 16, 1996, p.487. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199605)16:5<487::AID-JOC39>3.0.CO;2-J11P. Irvine et al. Nat Clim Change, Vol. 9, 2019, p.295299. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0398-812B. Kravitz et al. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 9, 2014, p.74013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/07401313S. Osaka https://grist.org/science/who-gets-to-decide-if-we-study-solar-geoengineering-after-the-scopex-project-canceled/.14W. Smith, G. Wagner Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 13, 2018, p.124001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d15W. Smith Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, 2020, p.114004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7
3.6.2Cloud engineering	16G. Cooper et al. Phil Trans R Soc A, Vol. 372, 2014, p.2031. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.005517G. Cooper et al. International Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 4, 2013, p.78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.4100918D.L. Mitchell, W. Finnegan Environ Res Lett, Vol. 4, 2009, p.45102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/04510219L. Duan et al. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, 2018, p.11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD02903420J. Latham et al. Atmos Sci Lett, Vol. 14, 2013, p.214. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.44221J. Tollefson Nature, Vol. 596, 2021, p.476. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02290-322L. Ahlm et al. Atmos. Chem. Phys., Vol. 17, 2017, p.13071. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13071-2017
3.6.3Terrestrial solar radiation modification	23S.I. Seneviratne et al. Nature Geosci, Vol. 11, 2018, p.88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0057-524K.W. Oleson et al. Geophys Res Lett, Vol. 37, 2010, p.3701. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL04219425L. Genesio et al. Glob Change Biol, Vol. 27, 2021, p.959. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.1547026K. Zimmer BBC Future. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice
3.6.4Space-based solar radiation modification	27J.T. Early Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 42, 1989, p.567. 28R. Angel Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, 2006, p.17184. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.060816310329J-P. Sánchez, C.R. McInnes PLoS ONE, Vol. 10, 2015, p.136648. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013664830C.R. McInnes Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 224, 2010, p.571. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES143931C.M Baum Vol. 158, 2022, p.112179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112179

3.7Infectious Diseases ris
1Geneva: World Health Organization 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240040496.2W.A. Stolk et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, Vol. 10, 2016, p.4560. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.00045603J. Rocklöv, R. Dubrow Nat Immun, Vol. 21, 2020, p.479. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0648-y4National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine 2020. https://doi.org/10.17226/25887
3.7.1Pathogen biology	11P. Ball Nature, Vol. 589, 2021, p.16. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03626-112P. Rosby https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-56858158.13H. Feldman et al. N Engl J Med, Vol. 382, 2020, p.1832. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra190159414K. Zhou et al. Vaccines, Vol. 9, 2021, p.1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines909100415J.W. Park et al. Int J Biol Sci, Vol. 17, 2021, p.1446. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5923316M. Michelen et al. BMJ Global Health, Vol. 6, 2021, p.5427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005427
3.7.2Zoonotic disease
3.7.3Vector control	17C. Cansado-Utrilla et al. Microbiome, Vol. 9, 2021, p.11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01073-218E. Waltz Nature, Vol. 593, 2021, p.175. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01186-619H.A. Flores, S.L. O’Neill Nat Rev Microbiol, Vol. 16, 2018, p.508. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0025-020A. Utarini et al. N Engl J Med, Vol. 384, 2021, p.2177. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa203024321J. Zinsstag et al. Infect Dis Poverty, Vol. 9, 2020, p.140. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00757-522Y. Osman et al. One Health, Vol. 13, 2021, p.100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100334
3.7.4Outbreak prevention	23A.S. Bernstein et al. Science Advances, Vol. 8, 2022, p.4183. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl418324E.P.J. Gibbs Vet Record, Vol. 174, 2014, p.85. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.g14325S. Whitmee et al. The Lancet, Vol. 386, 2015, p.1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-126National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.17226/1091527E. Yong The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/10/how-public-health-took-part-its-own-downfall/620457/28D.T. Liu et al. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 166, 2022, p.615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599821102263629M. Roser Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/data-review-air-pollution-deaths

4.1Science-based Diplomacy ris

4.1.1Computational Diplomacy	6Global Diplomacy Index Lowy Institute, 2019. https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org
4.1.2Negotiation Engineering	7Michael Ambühl, Tobias W. Langenegger Group Decision and Negotiation, Vol. 27, 2018, p.9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-017-9547-58Michael Ambühl Swiss Pharma, Vol. 43, 2021, p.37. https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/477577
4.1.3Predictive Peacekeeping	9Philip A. Schrodt, James Yonamine, Benjamin E. Bagozzi Handbook of Computational Approaches to Counterterrorism (Springer), 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5311-6_710John Karlsrud, Allard Duursma Stability: International Journal of Security and Development , Vol. 8, 2019, p.1. https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.66311Marco Lagi, Karla Z. Bertrand, Yaneer Bar-Yam SSRN Scholarly Paper, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.191003112John Karlsrud Cyberspace and International Relations: Theory, Prospects and Challenges (Springer), 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37481-4_9
4.1.4Trust and Co-operation Modelling	13Alexander Peysakhovich, Adam Lerer ArXiv:1707.01068 [Cs], 22018. http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.0106814Isaac Pinyol Artificial Intelligence Review, Vol. 40, 2013, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-011-9277-z

4.2Advances in Science Diplomacy ris

4.2.1Science diplomacy for effective multilateralism
4.2.2Technology Diplomacy and the role of non-state actors
4.2.3Science Diplomacy and emerging economies
4.2.4Science diplomacy as a response to conflict- and inequality-driven tensions

4.3Foresight, Prediction and Futures Literacy ris

4.3.1Superforecasting and prediction markets	1P. Tetlock Edge.org (2015). https://www.edge.org/event/a-short-course-in-superforecasting-tetlock-an-edge-master-class.2V. Satopa INSEAD Knowledge. https://knowledge.insead.edu/strategy/secret-ingredients-superforecasting.3The Forecasting Collaborative Nat Hum Behav, Vol. 7, p.484. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01517-1.4N. Nicholas International Journal of Forecasting, Vol. 39, p.1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2023.01.005.5J. Tapper JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/how-accurate-are-prediction-markets/.6Good Judgment Open gjopen.com. https://gjopen.com7J. Shelton Yale News (2016). https://news.yale.edu/2016/11/02/metaculus-prediction-website-eye-science-and-technology.8C. Franz Adoption of Innovation (Springer). Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14523-5_2.9P. A. Coles Harvard Business Publishing. https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=80070.10D. Schwarz, L. Taylor Google Cloud Blog. https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/solutions-how-tos/design-patterns-in-googles-prediction-market-on-google-cloud.11Forecasting Research Institute forecastingresearch.org. https://forecastingresearch.org/xpt.
4.3.2 Modelling and simulation	12B. Zhang IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 15, p.1814. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3148139.13X. Reboud Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 65, p.339. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2021.10.006.14J. Wolfgang Wägele Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol. 59, p.105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.01.003.15D. Worford Environment and Energy. https://www.environmentalleader.com/2021/10/las-vegas-to-use-digital-twin-technology-to-fight-emissions/.16Office for National Statistics ons.gov.uk. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/articles/introducingalternativedataintoconsumerpricestatisticsaggregationandweights/2021-11-09.17J. Huang NVIDIA Blog. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2021/11/12/earth-2-supercomputer/.18T. Earth theeartharchive.com. http://www.theeartharchive.com/.19S. Land sla.gov.sg. https://www.sla.gov.sg/geospatial/gw/virtual-singapore.20WHO who.int. https://www.who.int/activities/understanding-global-health-through-data-collection.21University of Plymouth plymouth.ac.uk. https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/research/productivity-innovation-and-performance/modelling-and-simulation-for-social-systems.22A. Malagnino Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 312, p.127716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127716.23T. Tan Automation in Construction, Vol. 121, p.103451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103451.
4.3.3Scenarios and foresight	24L. Goaduff Gartner.com. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2022-06-22-is-synthetic-data-the-future-of-ai.25C. Crews Research-Technology Management, Vol. 62, p.30. https://DOI.org/10.1080/08956308.2019.1541725.26S. Heinonen FFRC eBooks, Vol. 7. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-249-577-8.27C. Jahel Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 193, p.122624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122624.
4.3.4Participatory futures and futures literacy	28A. Rees WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/history-predicting-future/.29J. Rochel GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar. https://radar.gesda.global/trends/invited-contributions/the-ethics-of-anticipation.30UNESCO unesco.org. https://en.unesco.org/futuresliteracy/about.31R. Miller GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar. https://radar.gesda.global/trends/invited-contributions/futures-literacy-reflection-anticipation.32Nesta nesta.org. https://www.nesta.org.uk/project/strategyroom/.33F. Wallace-Stephens RSA blog. https://www.thersa.org/blog/2023/02/just-transition-visions-and-takeaways-of-participatory-futures-in-scotland.34Futuresilience futuresilience.eu. https://futuresilience.eu.

4.4Democracy-Affirming Technologies ris
1Economist Intelligence Unit https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/2Tina Eliassi-Rad et al. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 7, 2020, p.1. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0518-0
4.4.1Verification technologies	9Sophie J. Nightingale, Hany Farid Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119, 2022, p.2120481119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.212048111910Huw Jones https://www.reuters.com/technology/global-regulators-monitor-crypto-use-ukraine-war-2022-03-21/
4.4.2Digital identity and trust	11Reetika Khera 2019. https://orientblackswan.com/details?id=978935287542912Enid N.H. Montague, Woodrow W. Winchester, Brian M. Kleiner Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. 29, 2010, p.541. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929100375291413David Jones, Chris Snider, Aydin Nassehi, Jason Yon, Ben Hicks CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol. 29, 2020, p.36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.02.002
4.4.3Privatisation of governance	14A.D. Reiling International Journal for Court Administration, Vol. 11, 2020, p.8. https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.343
4.4.4Censorship circumvention and content moderation	15Jean-Philippe Serbera 2022. http://theconversation.com/flash-crashes-if-reforms-arent-ramped-up-the-next-one-could-spell-global-disaster-10936216Shannon Bond Twitter?’ NPR (2020). https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915676948/can-circuit-breakers-stop-viral-rumors-on-facebook-twitter17 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package18Cory Doctorow, Christoph Schmon 2020. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/12/eus-digital-markets-act-there-lot-room-improvement20Daniel J. Bernstein Post-Quantum Cryptography, Vol. 1, p.2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88702-7_1

5.1Complex Systems Science ris

5.1.1Computational Social Science	5David M. J. Lazer et al. Science, Vol. 369, 2020, p.1060. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8170
5.1.2Digital Democracy	6Beth Simone Noveck Nature, Vol. 544, 2017, p.287. https://doi.org/10.1038/544287a
5.1.3Collaborative behaviour	7Dirk Helbing, Richard P. Mann Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, 2017, p.5077. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.16187221148Anita Williams Woolley, Ishani Aggarwal, Thomas W. Malone Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 24, 2015, p.420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415599543
5.1.4Design for Values	9Nynke Tromp and Paul Hekkert 2019. 10European Commission Directorate General for Research and Innovation 2021. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/59582711IEEE 2021. https://standards.ieee.org/standard/7000-2021.html

5.2Future of Education ris

5.2.1Learning Analytics	8Kenneth R. Koedinger et al. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer), 2013, p.421. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_439Yancy Vance Paredes et al. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 64, 2020, p.500. https://doi.org/10.1177/107118132064111310Gwo-Jen Hwang et al. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, 2020, p.100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100003
5.2.2Educational Sensing	4Amy Ogan Interactions, Vol. 26, 2019, p.26. https://doi.org/10.1145/33589025Anthony Petrosino, Mitchell J. Nathan American Educational Research Journal , Vol. 40, 2003, p.905. https://doi.org/10.3102/000283120400049056Yu Lu et al. Sensors, Vol. 17, 2017, p.1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/s170613827Ryan Shaun Baker et al. CHI ’04: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2004, p.383. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985741
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5.3Future Economics, Trade and Globalisation ris
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5.4The Science of the Origins of Life ris
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5.5Synthetic Biology ris
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1.1.1Deeper Machine Learning

1.1.2Multimodal AI

1.1.3 Intelligent devices

1.1.4Alternative AI

1.2.1Quantum Communication

1.2.2Quantum Computing

1.2.3Quantum Sensing and Imaging

1.2.4Quantum Foundations

1.3.1Neuromorphic Computing

1.3.2Organoid Intelligence

1.3.3Cellular Computing

1.3.4Optical Computing

1.4.1Augmented reality hardware

1.4.2Augmented experiences

1.4.3AR platforms

1.4.4Human factors of AR

1.5.1Large-scale collaboration

1.5.2Smarter teams

1.5.3Collective cognition

1.5.4Human-computer interaction

2.1.1Fundamentals of cognition

2.1.2Brain monitoring

2.1.3Neuromodulation systems

2.1.4Exogenous cognition

2.2.1Diagnostics

2.2.2Next generation editors and delivery

2.2.3Engineered organism and AI-based tools

2.2.4Alternatives to direct gene editing

2.3.1Fundamental Geroscience

2.3.2Diagnostics, hallmarks and biomarkers

2.3.3Healthspan therapies and interventions

2.3.4Lifespan extension and rejuvenation

2.4.1Consciousness assessment

2.4.2Cognitive capacity enhancement

2.4.3Consciousness-augmenting interventions

2.4.4Beyond-human consciousness

2.5.1Foundational research

2.5.2Hybrid organoids

2.5.3Translation and personalised organoids

2.5.4Enabling technologies

2.6.1Electrical therapies

2.6.2Data-led therapies

2.6.3Cell, gene, biomimetic and nucleic acid therapies

2.6.4Immunome-based therapies

3.1.1Negative emissions technologies

3.1.2Renewable energy

3.1.3Hard-to-abate emissions

3.1.4Energy Demand

3.2.1Modelling of feedbacks in the Earth system

3.2.2Tipping element modelling and forecasting

3.2.3Interactions between earth systems

3.2.4Model intercomparison

3.3.1Ecosystem-level Genetic Modification

3.3.2Alternative Proteins

3.3.3Resilient Farming

3.3.4Personalised Nutrition

3.4.1Earth Orbit

3.4.2The Moon

3.4.3Asteroid Belt

3.4.4Mars

3.5.1Harnessing Ocean Biodiversity

3.5.2Transition Ecosystems

3.5.3Repairing the Ocean

3.5.4Improved Ocean Observation

3.6.1Stratospheric aerosol injection

3.6.2Cloud engineering

3.6.3Terrestrial solar radiation modification

3.6.4Space-based solar radiation modification

3.7.1Pathogen biology

3.7.2Zoonotic disease

3.7.3Vector control

3.7.4Outbreak prevention

4.1.1Computational Diplomacy

4.1.2Negotiation Engineering

4.1.3Predictive Peacekeeping

4.1.4Trust and Co-operation Modelling

4.2.1Science diplomacy for effective multilateralism