Contributor Profiles - GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar

Over 700 scientists have contributed to the identification and descriptions of science trends and breakthrough predictions at 5, 10 and 25 years. Their input have been collected through survey, workshops and interviews and carefully curated by the scientific moderators. The global experts listed below participated in workshops and discussions rounds in their specific topics.

1Quantum Revolution & Advanced AI
1.1Advanced AI Artificial Intelligence (AI), already a world-changing technology, is growing in power and influence. It is clear that our current systems realise only a small part of AI’s potential, and recent advances with generative AI such as Chat GPT show that as it grows more powerful and flexible it will affect us ever more profoundly. Ongoing global conversations to help us shape advanced artificial intelligence to be reliable, transparent and equitable, will require a deep reappraisal of how these technologies are developed and deployed. But there is a need to also look now at what technology is coming next; there is much more in the AI pipeline that we need to anticipate. more	Scientific Moderator: Emmanuel Abbé EPFL	Global Experts: Blaise Agüera y Arcas Google Research Samy Bengio Google Brain Sébastien Bubeck Microsoft Alexandre Pouget University of Geneva
1.2Quantum Revolution Systems made up of subatomic particles like electrons and photons are subject to physical laws unlike the ones we are familiar with. Quantum technologies make use of two phenomena unique to such quantum systems. One is “superposition”, where a quantum entity’s physical properties remain undefined until they are measured, creating an entirely novel mechanism for encoding information. The other is “entanglement”, where quantum entities have intertwined properties that mean action on one entity instantly affect the outcome of future actions on its entangled twin, even when they are physically separated. more	Scientific Moderator: Matthias Troyer Microsoft	Global Experts: Rob Thew University of Geneva Nicolas Gisin University of Geneva Francesco Petruccione University of KwaZulu-Natal Sir Peter Knight Imperial College London Philipp Treutlein University of Basel Barry Sanders University of Calgary Jacques Haesler CSEM
1.3Unconventional Computing The silicon transistor is one of the most fundamental inventions in human history, birthing the Information Age and transforming the lives of billions of humans in just a few decades. But the exponential improvements in computing performance predicted by Moore’s Law have begun to falter as the technology hits fundamental physical limits. This has sparked renewed interest in alternative computing technologies that could provide workarounds to these constraints. more	Scientific Moderators: Ángel Goñi-Moreno Technical University of Madrid (UPM) Charles Roques-Carmes Massachusetts Institute of Technology Johannes Schemmel Heidelberg University Lena Smirnova Johns Hopkins University	Global Experts: Chiara Bartolozzi Italian Institute for Technology Thomas Gorochowski Bristol University Steve Furber University of Manchester Thomas Hartung John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Panayiota Poirazi Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas
1.4Augmented Reality People's digital experiences have become a central part of their daily lives, thanks to the advent of personal computers, smartphones and social media. Now real and virtual worlds are poised to become even more tightly enmeshed as augmented reality (AR) technology advances. more	Scientific Moderator: Alexander Ilic ETH AI Center	Global Experts: Mel Slater University of Barcelona Doug Bowman Viriginia Tech Doron Friedman Reichman University Belinda Lange Flinders University Marc Pollefeys ETHZ
1.5Collective Intelligence Solving the world's biggest challenges will require input from large numbers of people with diverse experience and expertise, all of whom must be able to work collaboratively. The field of Collective Intelligence (CI) aims to understand the dynamics underpinning human collaboration and discover new ways to enhance and guide these processes. The field is founded on the principle that when people come together to solve problems, the sum is greater than its parts. more	Scientific Moderator: Geoff Mulgan University College London	Global Experts: Mark Klein MIT Hayley Hung Delft University of Technology Wendy Mackay Collège de France Aleksandra Przegalinska Kozminski University Louis Rosenberg Unanimous AI Anita Woolley Carnegie-Mellon University
Opportunities Building an Open Quantum Institute 2022 Conference Proceedings Quantum technology is an issue of geopolitical importance, becoming a critical infrastructure important to national security and innovation capability. The last decade has seen major breakthroughs in research, leading to an increase and investment from the private sector from $1.5b to $22b in the last five years.	Authors Anousheh Ansari CEO XPRIZE Foundation Graham Alabaster Head, Geneva OfficeUN Habitat Alberto Anfossi Secretary GeneralFondazione Compagnia di San Paolo Tommaso Calarco Director, Institute for Quantum Control, Peter Grünberg InstituteForschungszentrum Jülich Fabiola Gianotti Director-GeneralCERN Sana Odeh Clinical Professor of Computer Science / Affiliated Faculty of Computer ScienceNew York University Urbasi Sihna Professor, Quantum Information and Computing LabRaman Research Institute Matthias Troyer Technical Fellow and Corporate Vice-PresidentMicrosoft
Opportunities Co-Developing Accessible Advanced AI There are 56 artificial intelligence (AI) startups worth over \$1 billion today. The enormous power of deep learning has found transformative applications in everything from finance to healthcare.	Authors Amandeep Gill UN Secretary-General Envoy on TechnologyUnited Nations Pushmeet Kohli Head of ResearchDeepMind Nanjira Sambuli Policy Analyst / Advocacy StrategistDigital Impact Alliance Daren Tang Director-GeneralWorld Intellectual Property Organization Rüdiger L. Urbanke Dean for Communication and Computer SciencesEPFL Wendell Wallach ScholarYale University Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioethics Ewan Birney DirectorEMBL-EBI
GESDA Anticipation Workshop - Advanced Artificial Intelligence During the past year, the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) has consulted over 1200 scientists globally about which scientific advances in the coming 5, 10 and 25 years could have strong implications on the individual, our societies and the planetary ecosystem. This anticipatory mapping is described in the Science Breakthrough Radar and provides an overview of some of the emerging scientific topics which require significant anticipation and attention from world leaders. However, the pace of science and technology is such that this anticipation needs to be constantly reviewed and updated, and take in consideration the latest developments.	Authors Emmanuel Abbé ProfessorforMathematical Data ScienceEPFL Blaise Agüera y Arcas Vice-President and Google FellowGoogle Research Samy Bengio Global ExpertGoogle Brain Sébastien Bubeck Senior Principal Research ManagerMicrosoft Oren Etzioni Advisor and Board MemberAllen Institute for AI Alexandre Pouget ProfessorUniversity of Geneva Rüdiger L. Urbanke Dean for Communication and Computer SciencesEPFL Yi Zeng Global ExpertChinese Academy of Sciences
Opportunities How can We Prepare for Collaborative Human-Machine Intelligence In many fields, such as healthcare applications, economic modelling, and social robotics, the mix of human experience and computational capabilities combine to generate breakthroughs in understanding population dynamics, climate cycles, and even management processes. Collaborative human-machine intelligence ranges from combining data analytics with decision-making humans to interactive knowledge developed through interconnected biological and technological systems. As these collaborative technologies advance, the future of knowledge economies hangs in the balance.	Authors Geoff Mulgan Professor of Collective Intelligence, Public Policy and Social InnovationUniversity College London David Harel PresidentIsrael Academy of Sciences and Humanities Wendy Mackay Computer Science ChairCollège de France Illah Nourbakhsh Executive DirectorCenter for Shared Prosperity Eric Salobir PresidentOPTIC Network
Opportunities Opening Quantum for the Benefit of Humanity Over the next decade, quantum computers that can turbocharge the search for new materials and drugs will become a reality. The strategic potential of this new quantum infrastructure will require global co-ordination to both ensure and control access to it.	Authors Katia Moskvitch Head of CommunicationsIBM Zurich Anousheh Ansari CEO XPRIZE Foundation Fabiola Gianotti Director-GeneralCERN Nicolas Gisin Honorary ProfessorUniversity of Geneva Elham Kashefi Professor of Computer ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Matthias Troyer Technical Fellow and Corporate Vice-PresidentMicrosoft Sir Peter Knight Emeritus ProfessorImperial College London
Debate 1 Quantum Revolution & Advanced AI What Do People Do? Our monitoring tool provides live data on the actions of selected civil society actors in four indicator categories: raising public awareness, entrepreneurial activities, policy-oriented activities and contributions to science and technology.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Debate 1 Quantum Revolution & Advanced AI What Do People Say? There is geographic variation in the tone and nature of this global discussion about Quantum and AI, with authors in Asia the most positive, while authors in Europe and the US discuss side effects and ethical considerations.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Opportunities Reshaping Reality in Tomorrow’s Society Augmented and extended reality technologies which blend our digital and physical experiences are beginning to transform industry, work, education, and social platforms. With tens of billions of dollars being invested today to lead to a transition in the way people use their smartphones, consume information, and interact with each other, the extended reality ecosystem could be a $1.5 trillion opportunity by 2030. The blurring of boundaries between realities, however, holds enormous implications for how citizens, communities, and leaders comprehend the world around them.	Authors Azeem Azhar FounderExponential View David Chalmers Professor of Philosophy and Neural ScienceNew York University Marc Pollefeys Professor of Computer ScienceETHZ Cordel Green Executive DirectorBroadcasting Commission Jamaica Sarah Kenderdine Professor of Digital MuseologyEPFL Charlotte Lindsey Chief Public Policy OfficerCyberPeace Institute
Invited Contribution The Future of History in the Digital Age We have entered the “age of abundance”: a huge number of historical sources – books, documents, pamphlets and media of all sorts – have by now been digitised, and the amount of digital-born material is growing at an even faster pace. This boom is paired with new forms of access: in principle, digital sources that are made available online can be studied from anywhere in the world, and powerful digital tools allow us to study the big data of the past in a new fashion.	Authors Andreas Fickers DirectorLuxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History

2Human Augmentation
2.1Cognitive Enhancement The 21st century has seen an acceleration in our ability to decode cognitive states from both invasive brain implants and, increasingly, non-invasive techniques. It has also become possible to manipulate those brain states in increasingly targeted ways using a wide spectrum of methods, from electrical to chemical. Thanks to these recent insights from neuroscience and the development of tools able to restore impaired brain function, demands for upgrades to healthy cognitive functioning have steadily grown.1 more	Scientific Moderator: Jaimie Henderson Stanford University	Global Experts: Andrew Hessel University of Ottawa Itzhak Fried UCLA Bryan Johnson Kernel Michael Kahana University of Pennsylvania Johannes Gräff EPFL Baptiste Gauthier EPFL
2.2Human Applications of Genetic Engineering The relatively recent invention of CRISPR — an editor that can snip DNA to alter its sequence — has racked up a raft of gene editing successes against a variety of diseases, including cancer,123 eye diseases, and blood diseases.45 The field is now poised to bring unprecedented disruption in medicine, as well as new possibilities for human enhancement. Today, most gene editing is not applied to living embryos or directly done on patients, but is ex vivo: as, for example, in treatments for sickle cell anaemia.6 However, much of the groundwork being done today is with a different vision: to deliver the genome editor into the patient’s body, where it will find the right cells and perform its task. more	Scientific Moderator: Samira Kiani SafeGen Therapeutics	Global Experts: Effy Vayena ETHZ George Church Harvard Medical School David Liu Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Alejandro Chavez University of California, San Diego Krishanu Saha University of Wisconsin
2.3Healthspan Extension Ageing is the greatest risk factor driving both morbidity and mortality. While research has yielded few solutions to chronic diseases of ageing – such as cardiovascular diseases, most cancers, and neurodegenerative and metabolic syndromes – in the past few decades, research findings have begun to suggest that there are also specific, underlying biological pathways that unite the diseases associated with ageing. And so, rather than accept the ageing process as a natural process of life, scientists and regulators are working out how to treat the process as a risk factor for disease in its own right, and target it for treatment.1 This pursuit is being formalised into the discipline known as fundamental geroscience. more	Scientific Moderators: Vera Gorbunova Rochester Aging Research Center Brian Kennedy National University of Singapore	Global Experts: James Kirkland Mayo clinic Jay Olshansky University of Illinois Judith Campisi Buck Institute Nir Barzilai Albert Einstein College of Medicine
2.4Consciousness Augmentation Science offers no standard, widely agreed definition of consciousness. Currently, there is also no agreed theory of consciousness, and it is unlikely that there will be one for the next quarter-century. Our best theories, Integrated Information Theory and Global Neuronal Workspace Theory, have recently been assessed in an Adversarial Collaboration test: though successful in some areas, they faced “substantially challenging” outcomes in others.1 more	Scientific Moderator: Itzhak Fried UCLA	Global Experts: Frédérique de Vignemont CNRS Mel Slater University of Barcelona Christoph Koch Allen Institute of Brain Sciences Michael Herzog EPFL Mu-ming Poo Chinese Academy of Sciences Wolf Singer Max Planck Institute for Brain Research Mavi Sanchez-Vives IDIBAPS
2.5Organoids One of the greatest impediments to progress in medicine has to do with a lack of experimental resources. Fully understanding the origin and progress of disease and the efficacy of drug candidates requires research on living biological tissues. But neither animal models or human cell lines provide a fully realistic model of human biology, which is why the use of organoids — simplified versions of real organs — holds such promise. A range of organoids is now in development, mimicking the properties of brains, tumours, kidneys and even embryos. They are being grown and put to work to investigate the fundamental processes of human biology, the pathology of diseases and the potential for novel treatment pathways. When grown from a patient's own cells, organoids can provide a strong suggestion of suitable interventions. Eventually, they may allow the culture of replacement organs for transplantation. more	Scientific Moderator: Alysson Muotri University of California, San Diego	Global Experts: Paola Arlotta Harvard University Pedro M Baptista Aragon Health Sciences Institute Denis Jabaudon University of Geneva Mitsuru Morimoto RIKEN Nicolas Rivron Austrian Academy of Science Minoru Takasato RIKEN Gilles Weder CSEM Linda Griffith MIT
2.6Future Therapeutics In wealthy countries, one third of the population between ages 40 and 75 currently die due to preventable diseases including cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and cancer. If the right medical information were available to act upon at the right time, it would be possible to predict and prevent many of these deaths. There are four broadly defined domains in which promising trials could transition drugs and devices into the clinic over the next five to 25 years: electrical therapies, data-led therapies, cell-based therapies, and targeted immune-therapies. more	Scientific Moderator: Simon P. Hoerstrup Wyss Zurich	Global Experts: Stephen Badylak McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Derek Lowe Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Margareth C. Ozelo University of Campinas Simone Schürle-Finke ETHZ Antoine Geissbühler University of Geneva Nicolas Mach University Hospital Geneva James Douglas Bremner Emory University School of Medicine
Deep Dive 2023 Villars High Level Anticipation Workshop on Neuro-augmentation At the inaugural Villars high-level Anticipation Workshop, a carefully chosen group of leaders from across several relevant disciplines met to discuss issues pertinent to the future of “neuro-augmentation”.	Authors Patrick Aebischer Vice-Chairman of the Board of DirectorsGESDA Michael O. Hengartner PresidentETH Board
Opportunities Deciphering the Human Immunome with AI for Better Therapeutics The biggest difference between two individuals doesn’t lie in their physical traits, but in the set of genes and proteins that constitute their immune systems.	Authors Samia Hurst Professor of BioethicsUniversity of Geneva Jacques Fellay Co-director Health Genome CentreEPFL Wayne Koff President / CEO Human Vaccines Project Jürgen Schmidhuber Director / ProfessorThe Swiss AI Lab IDSIA Soumya Swaminathan Chief ScientistWorld Health Organization Chorh Chuan Tan Chief Health Scientist and Executive Director of the new Office for Healthcare TransformationSingapore Ministry of Health
Invited Contribution Deep-Sea Mining The global transition to green energy depends on the continuing supply of particular metals and minerals. With many of the readily accessible sources of these commodities already being fully utilised, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in the harvesting and extraction of such minerals from the deep seabed, through submarine mining on an industrial scale.	Authors Alexander Proelss Chair in the International Law of the Sea and International Environmental Law, Public International Law and Public LawUniversity of Hamburg
Opportunities Engineering Pathways for Radical Health Extension By 2050 one in six people worldwide will be over the age of 65. Breakthroughs in our ability to slow the physical and cognitive decline associated with advanced years are on the horizon.	Authors Jane Metcalfe Co-FounderWIRED Samia Hurst Professor of BioethicsUniversity of Geneva Guy Ryder Director-GeneralInternational Labour Organization Atsushi Seike Executive Advisor, Academic AffairsKeio Research Information Systems
Opportunities Establishing Neuro Rights Brain implants already enable people with paraplegia to control robotic limbs, restore basic vision and modulate neural activity to treat diseases like Parkinson's.	Authors Nadia Isler Director of the SDG Lab United Nations Office in Geneva Olaf Blanke Bertarelli Foundation Chair of Cognitive NeuroprostheticsEPFL Lidia Brito Regional Director for Sciences in Latin America and CaribbeanUNESCO Marcello Ienca Senior Research Fellow, Health Ethics & Policy UnitETHZ Judy Illes ProfessorUniversity of British Columbia Jürg Lauber Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the United Nations OfficeSwiss Confederation
GESDA Anticipation Workshop - Human Applications of Genetic Engineering During the past year, the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) has consulted over 1200 scientists globally about which scientific advances in the coming 5, 10 and 25 years could have strong implications on the individual, our societies and the planetary ecosystem. This anticipatory mapping is described in the Science Breakthrough Radar and provides an overview of some of the emerging scientific topics which require significant anticipation and attention from world leaders. However, the pace of science and technology is such that this anticipation needs to be constantly reviewed and updated, and take in consideration the latest developments.	Authors Alejandro Chavez ProfessorUniversity of California, San Diego Philip M. Kim ProfessorUniversity of Toronto Samira Kiani Co-FounderSafeGen Therapeutics Robin Lovell-Badge Principal Group LeaderFrancis Crick Institute Isabelle Mansuy Professor University of Zurich Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Kelly Ormond ProfessorETHZ Haoyi Wang ProfessorInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sophie Gilbert Program LeadGESDA
Debate 2 Human Augmentation What Do People Do? Our monitoring tool — which provides live data on the actions of selected civil society actors (citizens, small groups and NGOs) — was divided into four indicator categories: raising public awareness, entrepreneurial activities, policy-oriented activities and contributions to science and technology.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Debate 2 Human Augmentation What Do People Say? The discussion of human augmentation is multi-faceted, with older age groups dominating in North America and Europe, while young groups hold the majority in Africa, Latin America and Asia.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Opportunities Navigating the NeuroTech Compass Recent technological advances in electronic miniaturization, brain signal detection, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for data analysis pave the way to a better understanding of neurological and mental health disorders. Anticipated developments offer potential for health, communication, good regulation, and memory enhancements. This outlook has generated huge financial investments from the public and private sectors, bringing the technologies to patients and consumers more quickly. Other applications, outside the medical field, are developing rapidly for neuromarketing, gaming and entertainment, and military purposes. With the scientific and technological landscapes rapidly accelerating, a global and inclusive approach enabling their development remains a challenge.	Authors Daria Robinson Executive Director Solution Accelerator and Deputy of CEOGESDA Olaf Blanke Bertarelli Foundation Chair of Cognitive NeuroprostheticsEPFL Lidia Brito Regional Director for Sciences in Latin America and CaribbeanUNESCO Ricardo Chavarriaga Head, Switzerland OfficeCLAIRE Initiative for Excellence in AI Stephanie Herrmann Staff AttorneyPerseus Strategies Jürg Lauber Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the United Nations OfficeSwiss Confederation Estelle Nakul Postdoctoral Researcher, LNCOEPFL Olivier Oullier Co-FounderInclusive Brains Ayaka Suzuki Director, Strategic Planning and Monitoring Unit, Executive Office of the Secretary-GeneralUnited Nations
Opportunities Negotiating the Boundaries of our Genetic Future The price of sequencing a human genome has fallen from $2.7 billion to $300 in just 20 years. This dramatic improvement in our ability to read DNA is now setting the stage for an even bigger revolution in our ability to write our genetic futures.	Authors Jane Metcalfe Co-FounderWIRED George Church Professor of GeneticsHarvard Medical School Katherine Littler Co-Lead Global Health Ethics and Governance UnitWorld Health Organization Effy Vayena Professor of BioethicsETHZ Ambroise Wonkam Professor and Senior Medical Genetics ConsultantUniversity of Cape Town
Invited Contribution The Future of Psychedelic Medicine This year marks the eightieth anniversary of the first time a human ingested LSD. Albert Hoffman’s first trip, in April 1943, began a period of experimentation and discovery in both academic and counter-cultural circles. The word “psychedelic” was coined by the psychiatrist Humphry Osmond about a decade later, and research into these chemicals’ potential therapeutic use continued for the next several decades — as did their recreational use. But this first psychedelic “revolution” came to a halt in the early 1970s, when a censorious attitude to recreational drugs led to many becoming controlled substances, with the result that serious scientific research into their applications became extremely difficult to conduct.	Authors Eduardo Schenberg Founder / PresidentPhaneros Insitute David Nutt Edmond J. Safra Professor of NeuropsychopharmacologyImperial College London

3Eco-Regeneration & Geoengineering
3.1Decarbonisation Greenhouse gas emissions in 2022 were the largest in history: humanity released 36.1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (GtCO2), 1.5 per cent more than in 2021.1 more	Scientific Moderators: Berend Smit EPFL Wendy Queen EPFL Valais Wallis Gerald Haug German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina	Global Experts: Ottmar Edenhofer Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Jonas Knapp Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Peter Schlosser Arizona State University
3.2Earth Systems Modelling The concept of the Earth system can be traced to James Lovelock’s much-discussed Gaia hypothesis, which posited that all of Earth is a self-regulating whole. While aspects of Lovelock’s proposal remain controversial, the core notion of significant interactions between elements of the Earth system — oceans, atmosphere, land, Arctic and Antarctic ice (the cryosphere) and biosphere — has proved correct. more	Scientific Moderator: Gavin Schmidt NASA	Global Experts: Sally J. Holbrook University of California Santa Barbara Gerhard Schmitt ETHZ Russell J. Schmitt University of California Santa Barbara Cherie Briggs University of California Santa Barbara Joachim Claudet CNRS Juliana Freire New York University Nicolas Gruber ETHZ Armin Grün ETHZ Mike Harfoot University of Cambridge Andrew Rassweiler Florida State University
3.3Future Food Systems Food is fundamental to our existence, and the challenge before us is to build a resilient, sustainable system able to produce and distribute sufficient nutrition for a growing global population. By 2050 our planet will be home to around 10 billion people whose environment is increasingly affected by the vicissitudes of climate change. This task is complex and multifaceted at every level, and differs according to geography, socioeconomics, politics, and access to technology. It will take a multitude of approaches and technologies to meet this challenge. more	Scientific Moderator: Ralph Graichen Agency for Science Technology and Research	Global Experts: Francesco Stellacci EPFL Nam-Hai Chua The Rockefeller University
3.4Space Resources Humans already depend on and utilise off-world resources. Almost all of our energy ultimately comes from the Sun, and we are protected from dangerous radiation by the magnetosphere that encircles our planet. The region just beyond our atmosphere has become a resource for communication, observation and exploration. But our ambition, as well as our requirement for resources, is greater still. more	Scientific Moderator: Adriana Marais Foundation for Space Development Africa	Global Experts: Jan Wörner European Space Agency Fabio Favata European Space Agency Greg de Temmerman Institut des Hautes Etudes pour l’Innovation et l’Entrepreneuriat John Logsdon George Washington University
3.5Ocean Stewardship The ocean is central to the existence of life on Earth. However, human activity is putting increasing strain on the ocean, directly through activities such as overfishing and pollution, and indirectly through the emission of greenhouse gases and associated anthropogenic climate change. more	Scientific Moderator: Robert Blasiak Stockholm Resilience Centre	Global Experts: Ana Hilário University of Aveiro Andrés Cisneros-Montemayor University of British Columbia Baban Ingole CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography India Matthias Finger Northern Artic Federal University, Russia Peter Girguis Harvard University Peter Haugan University of Bergen Sabine Gollner Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Tom Battin EPFL Anders Meibom EPFL Elva Escobar Universidad Autonoma de Mexico Antje Boetius University of Bremen
3.6Solar Radiation Modification Solar radiation modification (SRM) is a set of approaches that could fully or partially offset the temperature rise caused by greenhouse gas emissions, thus reducing some of the harmful impacts of anthropogenic climate change. more	Scientific Moderator: Govindasamy Bala Indian Institute of Science	Global Experts: Janos Pasztor Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative Ines Angela Camilloni University of Buenos Aires Peter Irvine University College London Richard Muyungi Thelma Krug Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Timothy Cadman Griffith University
3.7Infectious Diseases The past century has seen enormous progress against some diseases, with the mortality associated with a few diseases — malaria, for instance — falling dramatically.1 However, infectious diseases remain a major threat to human health and wellbeing. more	Scientific Moderator: Wanda Markotter University of Pretoria	Global Experts: Isabella Eckerle University Hospital Geneva Serge Morand CNRS Kris Murray Imperial College London Ioan Negrutiu ENS de Lyon Rafael Luis Ruiz De Castaneda University of Geneva Alessandra Scagliarini University of Bologna Jakob Zinsstag Swiss TPH Samantha Paoletti CSEM Scott O'Neill World Mosquito Program
Opportunities Accelerating the Active Decarbonisation of our Planet Emerging negative emissions technologies such as direct air capture and materials able to absorb massive amounts of carbon will play a crucial role, but large-scale demonstrations are still a decade away.	Authors Janos Pasztor Executive DirectorCarnegie Climate Governance Initiative Jim Hagemann Snabe ChairmanSiemens AG Gerald Haug PresidentGerman Academy of Sciences Leopoldina Sergio Mujica Secretary GeneralInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) Wendy Queen Assistant Professor and Director of the Laboratory for Functional Inorganic MaterialsEPFL Valais Wallis
Opportunities Advancing Science for Ocean Stewardship The ocean supports all life on Earth, but we have explored only 80 per cent of it and an estimated 91 per cent of ocean species have yet to be classified.	Authors Kasmira Jefford Editor in ChiefGeneva Solutions Gerard Barron CEO The Metals Company Antje Boetius Professor of GeomicrobiologyUniversity of Bremen Anders Meibom Professor, Laboratory for Biological GeochemistryEPFL Vladimir Ryabinin Assistant Director-GeneralUNESCO André Hoffmann Vice-ChairmanHoffmann - La Roche
Opportunities Assessing Solar Radiation Modification Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) has been scientifically, politically and societally divisive. Some experts don’t even want to discuss proposals to go on with fundamental research in the field. There is fear that future societies could succumb to “techno fix” attitudes, potentially damaging current climate change mitigation policies. Other experts believe that interventions such as cloud brightening, aerosol injection, and creating more reflective surfaces must be part of a possible intervention portfolio, especially if other measures fail. Regardless of position, both sides agree that the planet’s future is in peril and people and governments must act.	Authors J Milica Momcilovic Science JournalistRTS Public television Frank Biermann Professor of Global Sustainability Governance, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht University Sikina Jinnah Professor of Environmental Studies / Affiliated Graduate, Faculty of PoliticsUniversity of California Pascal Lamy Chukwumerije Okereke Professor in Environment and DevelopmentAEFUNAI Janos Pasztor Executive DirectorCarnegie Climate Governance Initiative Gernot Wagner Climate EconomistColumbia Business School
Opportunities Building Digital Models to Navigate the 21st Century’s Complex Ecological and Social Systems Humanity created, captured, copied, and consumed more than 64 trillion gigabytes of data last year. This deluge of information is being used to try to model the world around us in unprecedented detail.	Authors Chris Luebkeman Leader, Strategic Foresight HubETHZ Sean Cleary Executive Vice-ChairFutureWorld Foundation Neil Davies Director, Gump South Pacific Research Station on Moorea (French Polynesia)University of California Dirk Helbing Professor of Computational Social ScienceETHZ Mami Mizutori Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General (SRSG) for Disaster Risk Reduction / Head of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionUnited Nations
Opportunities Collaborating on a Decarbonisation Accelerator After COP26, there is global agreement for governments, businesses, and citizens to embark in a decarbonisation global effort at every level. Global decarbonisation efforts are being stalled by objective gaps in science, technology, processes, and diplomacy. The nature of the gaps is often complex and systemic, and therefore impossible to solve with linear or single party solutions. Solutions currently in the pipeline need to be accelerated to reach the right stage of maturity for their implementation. The global ambition is to achieve net-zero CO2 for 2050, which requires accelerating the energy transition to switch to renewable energy and deploying technologies that directly remove CO2 from the atmosphere.	Authors Carlo Giardinetti Sustainability Lead for ConsultingDeloitte Belinda Cleeland Head, Research & InnovationInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) Jim Hagemann Snabe ChairmanSiemens AG André Hoffmann Vice-ChairmanHoffmann - La Roche Wendy Queen Assistant Professor and Director of the Laboratory for Functional Inorganic MaterialsEPFL Valais Wallis Nikhil Seth Executive DirectorUNITAR Massamba Thioye Project ExecutiveUNFCCC
Opportunities Controlling vector transmitted Infectious Disease As humans move into previously undisturbed ecosystems, and as climate change broadens areas where vector-transmitted diseases such as dengue fever, Zika, and Chikungunya are present, the need to monitor, detect, contain and, above all, prevent new outbreaks is paramount. Genetic modification of mosquitoes is already being tested to stop disease transmission, but are poorly accepted publicly. The opportunity to constrain disease transmitters with a new biological (non-genetic, hence possibly better accepted) method is within our grasp. This effective method is being evaluated for endorsement by the World Health Organization, while next generation advances in synthetic biology and genetic engineering are looking at even more innovative ways to constrain disease, such as modifying the human microbiome to resist such viruses.	Authors Olivier Dessibourg Executive Director of Science Communication and OutreachGESDA Arnaldo Correia de Medeiros Secretary General / Health EmergenciesMinistry of Health, Brazil Scott O'Neill CEO World Mosquito Program Soumya Swaminathan Chief ScientistWorld Health Organization Sir Jeremy Farrar DirectorWellcome Trust
Debate 3 Eco-regeneration & Geoengineering What Do People Do? Our monitoring tool — which provides live data on the actions of selected civil society actors (citizens, small groups and NGOs) — was divided into four indicator categories: raising public awareness, entrepreneurial activities, policy-oriented activities and contributions to science and technology.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Debate 3 Eco-regeneration & Geoengineering What Do People Say? Analysis of more than 6 million social media posts shows a very strong engagement with citizens in the subjects of Eco-Regeneration and Geoengineering, including decarbonisation and ocean stewardship.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Invited Contribution Fungal Pandemics It may not attract much attention in everyday life, but the fungal kingdom has a remarkable breadth and depth of impact on human and environmental wellbeing. Fungi are integral to health, agriculture, biodiversity, ecology, manufacturing and biomedicine. They are the earth’s pre-eminent degraders of organic matter, are among the best-characterised model systems for biomedical research and produce enzymes crucial for fermentation, food production, bioremediation and biofuel production. Fungi have also made invaluable contributions to medicine: they produce a phenomenal diversity of chemicals that we have found uses for as antibiotics, immunosuppressants that make organ transplants possible and drugs that reduce the risk of heart disease.	Authors Leah Cowen Professor Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Toronto Joseph Heitman Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University
Opportunities Utilising Space Resources for Collective Prosperity The minerals locked up in the most valuable asteroid in our solar system are worth $15 quintillion. The ability to mine these minerals and the economic benefits are still uncertain, but their scale demonstrates the enormous opportunities lying beyond Earth's atmosphere.	Authors Adriana Marais DirectorFoundation for Space Development Africa Mathias Link DirectorEuropean Space Resources Innovation Centre Tanja Masson-Zwaan Su Meng FounderOrigin Space Corporation Patrick Michel Senior ResearcherThe French National Centre for Scientific Research
Opportunities What is the Future of Polar Research in the Current Geopolitical Landscape? The poles are the most challenging and expensive frontiers on Earth for scientific research and resource acquisition. The current geopolitical situation has put deployed efforts to pursue research in those regions at risk. It is, in fact, accelerating the race to exploit essential resources such as oil, gas, and rare earth minerals. In addition, concerns citing environmental preservation, ecosystem balance, and lack of clear authority or ownership loom over existing approach to the Earth’s poles. Alternatively, the poles and their resources are an important contributor to meeting the demand of a more manageable energy transition.	Authors Doaa Abdel Motaal Senior CounsellorWorld Trade Organization Alexandra Baumann Head, Prosperity and Sustainability Division (incl. Polar Affairs) / AmbassadorFederal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen Professor of Northern Studies, Barents Chair in PoliticsThe Arctic University of Norway Katarina Gårdfeldt Director-GeneralSwedish Polar Secretariat Larry Hinzman Assistant Director, Polar SciencesWhite House Office of Science and Technology Policy Yeadong Kim PresidentScientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
GESDA Anticipatory Workshop - Future Food Systems With the rapid pace of science and technology breakthroughs driving significant changes to our world and how we live in it, having agency over our future has never been more important. One of the tools we have for this is anticipation, through which we can use our assessment of what might happen in the future to direct action in the present. GESDA aims to enable this process of anticipation by laying out in its Science Breakthrough Radar the possibilities scientists envisage for the future. In this way, GESDA aims to act as an honest broker between the scientific community and society to encourage open debates about how we wish to shape the future and what opportunities for action can be taken today.	Authors Nam-Hai Chua Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emeritus and Head of Plant Molecular BiologyThe Rockefeller University Lone Dybal Nilsson Vice President of Applied R&D in the Planetary Health DivisionNovonesis Kellye Eversole Executive DirectorPhytobiomes Alliance Jonathan Jones Professor of BiologyUniversity of East Anglia Rodrigo Ledesma Amaro Associate ProfessorImperial College London Jiayang Li DirectorYazhouwang National Laboratory Rajeev Ram Clarence J. LeBel Chair in Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceMIT Michael Strano Carbon P. Dubbs Professor in Chemical EngineeringMIT Yuexin Yang ProfessorNational Institute for Nutrition and Health of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cuilin Zhang Full Professor NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Sophie Gilbert Program LeadGESDA Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA

4Science & Diplomacy
4.1Science-based Diplomacy "Science-based Diplomacy” is based on computational social sciences, mathematics, optimisation theory or behavioural research and covers different emerging fields of research, such as computational diplomacy and negotiation engineering. more	Scientific Moderators: Nora Meier ETHZ Didier Wernli University of Geneva Michael Ambuhl ETHZ Nicolas Levrat University of Geneva	Global Experts: Jérôme Lacour University of Geneva Bastien Chopard University of Geneva Philip Grech University of Zurich Stephan Davidshofer University of Geneva
4.2Advances in Science Diplomacy The products of science are increasingly celebrated as drivers of global health, sustainable development and wealth creation. Science and technology are also sources of tension and competition between nations or regions. The COVID-19 crisis highlighted the role of science on the international stage, how it rapidly advanced novel vaccine technologies, and how co-operation over these vaccines became a crucial part of the currency of international negotiations, diplomacy and geopolitics. But conflict also plays a role in mediating the influence of science and technology; situations such as the war in Ukraine are revealing how careful states need to be with powerful technologies, the way they are transferred and how they are used. more	Scientific Moderator: Pierre-Bruno Ruffini University of Le Havre-Normandie	Global Experts: Paul Berkmann Harvard University Raquel Jorge-Ricart Elliott School of International Affairs Shaun Riordan EIIS
4.3Foresight, Prediction and Futures Literacy Nobody can see what the future holds. This has been recognised as an absolute truth since at least the time of Aristotle. Modern civilisation is nonetheless built on attempts to do just that, over time scales ranging from hours (weather forecasting and traffic patterns) to decades (climate change and demographic shifts). These attempts allow us to anticipate what the future holds, and to plan accordingly. The urgency of this anticipation has increased along with perceptions of the increased speed and complexity of change. more	Scientific Moderator: Sirkka Heinonen Finland Futures Research Centre, University of Turku	Global Experts: Anne-Marie Buzatu ICT4Peace Ariel Conn Tango Futures Francesca Bosco CyberPeace Institute Raluca Csernatoni Carnegie Europe Kobi Leins King's College London
4.4Democracy-Affirming Technologies The Democracy Index, as measured by the Economist Intelligence Unit, has recorded a snapshot of global democracy every year since 2006. Its latest report for 2021 suggests that 45.7 per cent of the world's population live in a democracy, a significant drop from 49.4 per cent the year before.1 This is one, but by no means the only, indication that democracy is in decline. more	Scientific Moderator: Eileen Donahoe Stanford University	Global Experts: Philippe Gillet SICPA Niva Elkin-Koren Tel-Aviv University Fabrizio Gilardi University of Zurich Claudio Tessone University of Zurich Leslie Paul Thiele University of Florida
Opportunities Can We Bolster Democracy Through Technologies? 2022 Conference Proceeding Digital threats to democracy – misinformation, propaganda, political tribalism – are trending toward a future of destabilised political and community coherence. Many experts anticipated that greater connectivity and access to information would help build a broader foundation for democratic values, but political projections of the future no longer easily align with these expectations. As digital tools are increasingly used in democratic systems, the judiciary, and other governmental processes, the operating foundation for many nations and their citizens has never had more at stake.	Authors Chris Luebkeman Leader, Strategic Foresight HubETHZ Agnès Callamard Secretary-GeneralAmnesty International Micheline Calmy-Rey Former President of the Swiss Confederation, Visiting ProfessorUniversity of Geneva Niva Elkin-Koren Professor of LawTel-Aviv University Aaron Maniam Deputy Secretary of Industry and InformationMinistry of Communications and Information of Singapore Nanjira Sambuli Policy Analyst / Advocacy StrategistDigital Impact Alliance
Opportunities Creating a Global Curriculum on Science & Diplomacy A new mindset and professional pathway are needed to establish Anticipatory Science & Diplomacy methodologies among experts and decision-makers. We must start with the way we train our current and future leaders across all sectors: in STEM fields, in national governments, in multilateral institutions, and in the private sector – to empower the current and next generation with a "multilingual" mindset in science and diplomacy and foster boundary spanning professionals and institutions.	Authors Achim Wennmann Advisor to the Director - Strategic Development and PartnershipsGraduate Institute of International and Development Studies Francesca Bosco Chief of StaffCyberPeace Institute Ismael Buchanan Senior LecturerUniversity of Rwanda Martin Chungong Secretary GeneralInter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Tamara Gomez Marin Consul GeneralEmbassy of Costa Rica in Rome, Italy Marga Gual Soler FounderSciDipGLOBAL Nicolas Levrat Professor and Director of the Global Studies InstituteUniversity of Geneva Sandeep Mishra ExpertDigital Technologies and Innovation, India Alysson Muotri ProfessorUniversity of California, San Diego Christina Orisich Head of Executive Education / DirectorGeneva Centre for Security Policy Rémi Quirion PresidentInternational Network for Governmental Science Advice Nicolas Seidler Executive DirectorGeneva Science- Policy Interface
Invited Contribution Misperceptions, Meta-perceptions and Conflict The evidence is overwhelming that humans are by default co-operative, moral and deeply averse to harming others. Our very co-existence in cities with millions of residents, on a planet with billions of inhabitants, testifies to that. And yet, by some counts, over 200 million civilians have been killed in acts of genocide, war, and other forms of collective conflict over the last century alone.	Authors Mina Cikakra Professor of Psychology / Director of the Intergroup Neuroscience LabHarvard University
Opportunities Revitalising Multilateralism through Anticipatory Science and Diplomacy Climate change, unemployment, hunger, and a host of other issues will require experts of all kinds around the world to come together to solve them. Yet today, trust in science is on the decline and multilateralism in some regions appears to be in retreat.	Authors Marga Gual Soler FounderSciDipGLOBAL Micheline Calmy-Rey Former President of the Swiss Confederation, Visiting ProfessorUniversity of Geneva Yves Flückiger RectorUniversity of Geneva Joël Mesot PresidentETHZ Nikhil Seth Executive DirectorUNITAR
Debate 4 Science & Diplomacy What Do People Do? Our monitoring tool — which provides live data on the actions of selected civil society actors (citizens, small groups and NGOs) — was divided into four indicator categories: raising public awareness, entrepreneurial activities, policy-oriented activities and contributions to science and technology.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Debate 4 Science & Diplomacy What Do People Say? The scientific fields related to Science and Diplomacy, including innovations in education and sustainable economics for this first phase, showed a strong citizen engagement, with more than 3 million analysed posts.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Invited Contribution Understanding the Reality of Multilateral Relations with Computational Diplomacy International relations studies the interactions between states from a multidisciplinary perspective. It has led to the development of specific disciplinary fields such as international law, international political economy, international relations and transnational history. All these fields share the premise that the basic unit of international relations is the State, which aggregates and represents national interests at global level. As a rational evolution of interstate relations, multilateralism has been developed to reduce transaction costs when a common international regime is needed to bind a large number of states.	Authors Nicolas Levrat Professor and Director of the Global Studies InstituteUniversity of Geneva
Opportunities Where are the Limits in the Digitalisation of Conflicts? Machine-learning, data policies, and social media platforms are already adding complexity to the conflict zone, and conventional technologies are being continuously enhanced by digital capabilities and computer systems. In the future, nanotechnologies could upend international policies. Exposed health data could put individuals at risk from precision-engineered pathogens. Governments require a much deeper expertise to respond to unconventional threats. Ultimately, reliance on non-state actors, large global tech companies, and informal citizen groups to engage in direct political actions may be a standard part of conflict and intervention, but we cannot wait until tomorrow to assess the boundaries of this transformation.	Authors Anja Kaspersen Senior Fellow, Artificial Intelligence & Equality Initiative (AIEI)Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs Kobi Leins Honorary Senior Fellow the Department of War StudiesKing's College London Charlotte Lindsey Chief Public Policy OfficerCyberPeace Institute Elina Noor Director / Political-Security Affairs / Deputy Director, Washington, D.C. OfficeAsia Society Policy Institute Jean-Marc Rickli Head of Global and Emerging RisksGeneva Center for Security Policy Balthasar Staehelin Special Envoy for Foresight and TechplomacyInternational Committee of the Red Cross

5Knowledge Foundations
5.1Complex Systems Science Society consists of a wide variety of densely connected, interdependent systems. These networks of networks enable the flow of information, ideas, goods, services and money. In turn, this leads to huge benefits in the form of free media, open democracy, global trade and international finance. However, this connectedness also makes our world vulnerable to extreme events in ways that are hard to imagine and even more difficult to avoid. Examples of the negative consequences of networked society include the 2008 global financial crisis, the ongoing climate crisis and the current Covid crisis. In each case, the disaster unfolded over a range of interconnected networks with powerful but difficult-to-predict feedback patterns. more	Scientific Moderator: Dirk Helbing ETHZ	Global Experts: Carlos Gershenson UNAM, Mexico Francois Grey University of Geneva Maria Rosa Mondardini ETHZ Mark Klein MIT Yvonne Hofstetter Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences Sarah Spiekermann Vienna University of Business and Economics Jeroen van den Hoven Delft University of Technology Isamu Okada Soka University Chang-Won Ahn Vaiv Company Smart City Institute Lorenzo Fioramonti University of Pretoria Hans J. Herrmann ESPCI Paris-PSL Jose Jacob Kalayil INTEGRO Infotech & Consulting, Bangalore Indra Spiecker Goethe University of Frankfurt Ranga Yogeshwar Sanjana Hattotuwa University of Otago
5.2Future of Education The importance of education is hard to overstate. The UN’s fourth Sustainable Development Goal is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Education is a vital part of creating a sustainable world populated by healthy, collaborative, creative people who are able to solve problems, contribute to economic success and enjoy a high quality of life. more	Scientific Moderator: Amy Ogan Carnegie-Mellon University	Global Experts: Pierre Dillenbourg EPFL Manu Kapur ETHZ Ton de Jong Twente University
5.3Future Economics, Trade and Globalisation It is apparent from the challenges facing humanity in the 21st century that externalities need to be better incorporated into the economic decisions of firms, households, and governments. Global warming continues to heat the planet with atmospheric temperatures likely to soon break the 1.5˚C of warming threshold that climate agreements had pledged to avoid. Media coverage of this imminent milestone is focusing attention on what more can be done. For this reason, all actors should be more alert to the negative consequences that their decisions have for the wellbeing of others — near or far — as well as for future generations, and for the planet. The market cannot be relied upon to drive positive change towards sustainability, inclusiveness, and resilience. Therefore, more government intervention is needed. Societies need to agree on the negative externalities created (for example by too much automation, by excessive emissions and pollution) quantify them, and shape economic choices through direct subsidies and incentives. more	Scientific Moderator: Jean-Pierre Danthine E4S	Global Experts: Jean-Philippe Bonardi UNIL Johannes Buggle UNIL Rafael Lalive UNIL Richard Baldwin Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
5.4The Science of the Origins of Life Understanding the origins of life is an enormously challenging multi-dimensional problem. It takes in biology, chemistry, geology, palaeontology, physics, cosmology and information theory; attempts to solve it from any of these perspectives in isolation have not proved fruitful, indicating that cross-disciplinary research is essential. more	Scientific Moderators: Betül Kaçar University of Wisconsin Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy Scripps Research	Global Experts: Moran Frenkel-Pinter Hebrew University of Jerusalem Erik Persson University of Lund Davide Pisani University of Bristol Sudha Rajamani Indian Institute for Science, Education and Research Pune Eric Smith Earth-Life Science Institute Jean-Pierre de Vera Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Frances Westall CNRS
5.5Synthetic Biology Synthetic biology is a set of technologies which enable the modification and creation of living cells and organisms, and of their building blocks. These include genome editing,1 artificially evolving biomolecules, tissue engineering and potentially even the creation of synthetic organisms. Collectively, these could lead to major breakthroughs in fundamental biology, as well as a multitude of possible applications in fields ranging from nutrition to pharmaceuticals and engineering.2 more	Scientific Moderators: Bridget Baumgartner Revive & Restore Andrew Hessel University of Ottawa	Global Experts: Katarzyna “Kate” Adamala University of Minnesota Yuval Elani Imperial College London Jean-Marie François University of Toulouse Otim Geoffrey SynBio Africa Chao Zhong Shanghai University of Science and Technology Jenny Molloy University of Cambridge Drew Endy Stanford University
Opportunities Building Digital Models to Navigate the 21st Century’s Complex Ecological and Social Systems Humanity created, captured, copied, and consumed more than 64 trillion gigabytes of data last year. This deluge of information is being used to try to model the world around us in unprecedented detail.	Authors Chris Luebkeman Leader, Strategic Foresight HubETHZ Sean Cleary Executive Vice-ChairFutureWorld Foundation Neil Davies Director, Gump South Pacific Research Station on Moorea (French Polynesia)University of California Dirk Helbing Professor of Computational Social ScienceETHZ Mami Mizutori Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General (SRSG) for Disaster Risk Reduction / Head of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionUnited Nations
Opportunities Designing an Economic Compass for Sustainable, Inclusive and Resilient Societies Economic growth has significantly improved material well-being around the world, reduced poverty and closed the gap between rich and poor nations.	Authors Richard Baldwin Professor of International EconomicsGraduate Institute of International and Development Studies Jean-Pierre Danthine Executive DirectorE4S Philippe Aghion ProfessorLondon School of Economics Ian Goldin Professor of Globalisation and DevelopmentOxford University Katheline Schubert Professor, Academic AffairsParis School of Economics
Opportunities Enabling Digital Empowerment with Trust and Transparency In a complex, changing and interconnected world, digital twins and avatars are set to become a norm for decision-making in policy, ecology and the economy. Currently, several initiatives plan digital avatars and digital twins on the scale of individuals (in precision medicine), local municipalities (digital urban twins for city management) and the planet (climate forecasting, epidemic control). Sensor webs enable real-time synchronization of such twins and avatars with the physical world. Building trust between the science and diplomacy communities in this area is urgently needed.	Authors Sean Cleary Executive Vice-ChairFutureWorld Foundation Jérôme Chenal Senior Scientist, Urban and Regional Planning CommunityEPFL Neil Davies Director, Gump South Pacific Research Station on Moorea (French Polynesia)University of California Soledad Garcia Ferrari ProfessorGlobal Urbanism and Resilience Dirk Helbing Professor of Computational Social ScienceETHZ Sami Kanaan Former Mayor / Administrative CouncillorCity of Geneva Christian Kirchsteiger Strategy Development of EU Policies for Smart Infrastructures / Former ResponsibleEC Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT) Mami Mizutori Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General (SRSG) for Disaster Risk Reduction / Head of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionUnited Nations Huang Zhongwen Director, Smart City Projects Office, Smart Nation and Digital Government Office, Prime Minister’s OfficeSingapore Government
Invited Contribution Future of Archaeology Archaeology is a young science: over the course of the 20th century, it evolved from the collection and cataloguing of artefacts to the reconstruction of the human past through the contextual study of material remains. As a relatively young discipline, archaeology has gone through a long process of epistemological development in order to reach its current methodological and professional maturity. It may seem that today is a “golden age”, with novel scientific and technological tools revealing much that was once assumed to be entirely inaccessible. Yet, like any scientific discipline, archaeology keeps evolving and reinventing itself, mainly thanks to collaborations with other fields.	Authors Sylvian Fachard Full Professor, Institute of Archeology and Classical StudiesUniversity of Lausanne
Debate 5 Knowledge Foundations What Do People Say? New to the 2022 radar is the addition of a Knowledge Foundations platform. Its topics, such as Future Economics and the Science of the Origins of Life, raise fundamental questions about the future of the world, society and our place therein.	Authors Martin Müller Executive Director Science AnticipationGESDA Scott David Innovation DirectorShapeable
Invited Contribution Responsible Anticipation We live in times of great acceleration in science and technology. This acceleration promises breakthroughs with transformative impacts on human life and the planet. Anticipating these breakthroughs is critical to ensuring that we can harness the most benefits from them. Is there anything the scientific community can contribute to this process besides the creativity and intensity needed to achieve these breakthroughs?	Authors Andrea Boggio Professor of Legal StudiesBryant University
Opportunities Synthetic Biology, towards new geopolitical and economic frontiers Technological advances in genetic engineering and synthetic biology lead to a fast-growing number of purposes such as biofuels, new drugs, replacement organs, and biological threats. The democratisation of such technologies, coupled with the decreasing cost of DNA synthesis, will allow a broader set of actors to generate new organisms, fuelling the need for addressing individual and societal challenges, while raising concerns about the governance of these technology innovations, capacity-building and benefit sharing. The weaponisation of biology could even lead to high impact biological attacks that would be difficult to defend against. In this context, it is essential that policymakers and regulators explore the social, environmental, economic and geopolitical implications of such technology advances.	Authors Jane Metcalfe Co-FounderWIRED Sir Peter Gluckman 2014-2021 Foundation Chair of the Advisory Group of the International Network of Government Science Advice (INGSA)President International Science Council Andrew Hessel Global ExpertUniversity of Ottawa Timothy Swanson ProfessorInternational Economics Arancha González Laya
Deep Dive The Future of Peace and War The Geopolitical Lens A report based on the 2023 discussions held at two high-level workshops in Geneva and New York. Full details of the workshops, together with full-length reports, can be found at radar.gesda.global.	Authors Jean-Marie Guéhenno Arnold A. Saltzman Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs; Director of SIPA’s Kent Global Leadership Program on Conflict Resolution; Director of International Conflict Resolution SpecializationColumbia University Thomas Greminger DirectorGeneva Center for Security Policy Michael Møller former Under Secretary-General of the UN, Director-General of the UN Office in Geneva from 2013 to 2019Member of the Board of Directors, GESDA
Deep Dive The Future of People, Society and the Planet(s) The Philosophical Lens GESDA anticipates scientific and technological advancements to develop inclusive and global solutions for a sustainable future.	Authors Herman Cappelen Chair Professor of PhilosophyUniversity of Hong Kong Lily Eva Frank Assistant Professor of Philosophy and EthicsTechnical University of Eindhoven Emma Ruttkamp-bloem Professor and head of the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of HumanitiesUniversity of Pretoria
Deep Dive The Human Right to Science The Science Lens The Brocher Expert Workshop on the Human Right to Science with a Focus on Health, organised by GESDA, was held from 28 November to 1 December 2022 at the Brocher Foundation in Geneva. This report offers a summary of the takeaways from the workshop.	Authors Monika Plozza Research AssociateUniversity of Lucerne Gérard Escher Senior Advisor to the BoardGESDA Andrea Boggio Professor of Legal StudiesBryant University Yvonne Donders Professor International Human Rights and Cultural DiversityUniversity of Amsterdam Edward Dove LecturerUniversity of Edinburgh Katja Achermann ParticipantUniversity of Cambridge Britta van Beers ProfessorFree University of Amsterdam Samantha Besson ProfessorCollege de France Mylène Bidault Abdulle ParticipantOHCHR Stéphanie Dagron ProfessorUniversity of Geneva Henry T. Greely ProfessorStanford University Ro Hill Senior Principal Research ScientistCSIRO Calvin Ho Associate ProfessorHong Kong University Anna-Maria Hubert Assistant ProfessorUniversity of Calgary Bartha Maria Knoppers ProfessorMcGill University Raffaela Kunz LecturerMax Planck Inst. for Comparative Public Law and International Law Andrew Mazibrada Phd FellowUniversity of Copenhagen Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor Research FellowHeidelberg University Amrei Müller Camila Perruso Louise Philippossian Helle Porsdam ProfessorUniversity of Copenhagen Sebastian Porsdam Mann Professor of LawOxford University William Schabas