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The global population continues to grow, having topped 8 billion in 2022 and forecast to reach over 10 billion by the 2080s.[1](/citation/2025-03-3-3-1/) The growing population will lead to a 30 to 62 per cent increase in food demand by 2050 compared with 2010.[2](/citation/2025-03-3-3-2/) Clearly, agricultural yields must increase, and distribution improve, to ensure adequate nutrition for all.\n\nScientifically informed policies to change global diets, including major decreases in red-meat consumption (as suggested in the planetary health diet), can help to improve environmental and food-system sustainability. Agricultural practices can be improved both to reduce their impacts and to become more resilient against stressors like extreme weather. Genetic-engineering technologies such as CRISPR, along with more traditional breeding practices, are being used to enhance crops and livestock, both in their nutritional value and their environmental resilience. \n\nAI is emerging as a key technology for managing complex systems such as farms and soils. These advances in AI will be complemented by the development of smaller and cheaper in situ sensors, as well as remote sensors, to closely monitor farms. Approaches in nanotechnology can have applications in agriculture, improving soil quality through nano-engineered additives, for example.[3](/citation/2025-03-3-3-3/) This will be vital in mitigating the effects of environmental crises such as climate change and ecosystem degradation. This is particularly important because, in many cases, agriculture already operates with unsustainable practices the impact of which will only be increased by the impending environmental issues.\n\nOn top of these problems is the issue of food quality. Here again, science and technology breakthroughs can help. We know that even in countries where people have access to sufficient calories, diets are often nutritionally suboptimal and must be improved if we are to avoid perpetuating significant health problems. According to the Global Burden of Disease report 2020, 22 per cent of all adult deaths in 2017 were associated with poor diet, with cardiovascular disease as the leading diet-associated cause of death.[4](/citation/2025-03-3-3-4/) Type-2 diabetes, also associated with poor diet, was the ninth leading cause of premature death globally in 2017. This is particularly troubling because the situation is getting worse: in 1990, type-2 diabetes was only the 18<sup>th</sup> leading cause of premature death. Ongoing improvements in the methodology of nutritional studies will help to uncover causal mechanisms behind healthcare problems, however, and to create strategies for optimising and personalising nutrition to take into account the highly individual nature of physiological responses to different types of diet. Science-led personalised nutrition is set to be increasingly important, at least in countries with the infrastructure to support it.\n\n**KEY TAKEAWAYS**\n\nBioengineering can bring more, new and better food to the global market. **Engineering crops and livestock** will be vital as we face the growing nutritional requirements of the large future global population. **Reformatting the ecosystem** involved in food production is also an option. Possible strategies include consideration of pollinators, soil quality (including the soil microbiome) and the use of chemicals and biotechnology for improving yield and reducing the impact of weeds and pests. On top of this, suitably directed research will enable a reworking of the long-standing traditional processes and practices of agriculture. **Reimagining farming** will help to dramatically increase food production. Technologies such as AI-led decision-making and vertical farming are examples of potential paths forward here. As well as increased food quantity, there needs to be consideration of food quality, with a view to giving individuals more opportunities to personalise their nutrition and creating foods with higher nutritional value generally. **Optimising nutrition** in this way could have profound impacts on personal health and significantly reduce the expenditure on healthcare provision in societies that have generally been impacted by widespread prevalence of diet-related health problems such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes."},"intro":{"text":"Suitably managed and directed, a set of ongoing and future science and technology breakthroughs offer an opportunity to sidestep likely problems with food supply, improve food quality and make the production of food more sustainable."},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"This graph shows the opinion of current researchers in the field on how anticipated developments in their field will impact each of GESDA’s three essential questions: Who are we as humans? 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iron and other essential minerals and vitamins on offer, is an increasingly promising option.[6](/citation/2025-03-3-3-6/) Although the factors influencing both the nutrient content of crops and the scale of their absorption by human bodies remain incompletely understood,[7](/citation/2025-03-3-3-7/) many successes in biofortification have already been achieved through conventional breeding, and the potential of genetic-engineering technologies (gene stacking, where two or more novel and useful genes are introduced into a single plant line, is one example) remains largely untapped.[8](/citation/2025-03-3-3-8/)\n\nGenetic engineering can also boost crop yields, for example by re-engineering photosynthesis to boost energy capture.[9](/citation/2025-03-3-3-9/) This can be coupled with improved crop resilience to help cope with droughts,[10](/citation/2025-03-3-3-10/) pests and disease, which together account for 43 per cent of global crop loss.[11](/citation/2025-03-3-3-11/),[12](/citation/2025-03-3-3-12/) Domestication of resilient wild species[13](/citation/2025-03-3-3-13/) could increase agricultural resilience to changing environmental conditions.[14](/citation/2025-03-3-3-14/) RNA sprays, which deliver RNA-based vaccines against diseases to crops, have considerable potential for improving resilience against pathogens.[15](/citation/2025-03-3-3-15/)\n\nEngineering the plant bacterial microbiome can enhance crop production and resilience.[16](/citation/2025-03-3-3-16/) That is especially true for the rhizosphere microbiome associated with plant roots, which can help crops resist disease.[17](/citation/2025-03-3-3-17/) There is also similar potential to engineer livestock.  Already, researchers have used genetic engineering to develop fast-growing AquAdvantage salmon (which has been commercialised), pigs resistant to viral infections and dairy cattle resistant to mastitis.[18](/citation/2025-03-3-3-18/)"},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"68afcb131dec39db691bd926","name":"Genetic engineering of plant metabolism improves efficiency","slug":"genetic-engineering-of-plant-metabolism-improves-efficiency","intro":{"text":"Genetic engineering of plant metabolism improves efficiency"},"description":{"text":"Advances in fundamental understanding of photosynthetic processes enable genetic engineering of the system to improve efficiency. 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Research identifying threats to pollinators, for instance, allows the development of interventions.[19](/citation/2025-03-3-3-19/) Genetic engineering has been used to modify symbiotic microorganisms living in honeybees, protecting them against *Varroa* mites[20](/citation/2025-03-3-3-20/) and the *Nosema* parasite.[21](/citation/2025-03-3-3-21/) It may also be possible to engineer plants towards being more efficiently pollinated.[22](/citation/2025-03-3-3-22/)"},"description":{"text":"Research is increasing the specificity of pesticides, reducing unintended effects on non-target organisms and thus mitigating harm to crucial parts of the food chain and natural pest controls. Alternatives to pesticides, such as RNA sprays, are in development.[23](/citation/2025-03-3-3-23/) There is also growing attention being paid to gene drives. These are heritable edits to the genes of a specific organism that will spread through a population when the edited organisms are released into the ecosystem. They can be used to render populations incapable of spreading disease or to control the reproduction of invasive species,[24](/citation/2025-03-3-3-24/) although further research is required to avoid unintended consequences.[25](/citation/2025-03-3-3-25/)\n\nNovel means of enhancing soils with nutrients, such as the addition of biochar (a charcoal-like substance made from anaerobic burning of organic material), are being explored.[26](/citation/2025-03-3-3-26/) Understanding the soil microbiome, including competition among microbes, is key.[27](/citation/2025-03-3-3-27/) Conserving or restoring the soil microbiome is also important, and has been shown to accelerate plant biomass production by more than 60 per cent, making it a priority task.[28](/citation/2025-03-3-3-28/) Knowledge gaps in the role of cropping systems in soil health remain,[29](/citation/2025-03-3-3-29/),[30](/citation/2025-03-3-3-30/) but improving understanding of fundamental ecosystem properties, especially feedback mechanisms and complex interactions, should help close them. 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We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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