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In designing these future systems, it will be important to dismantle the energy inequalities embedded in our current fossil-fuel-based world and to put measures in place that ensure that they do not re-emerge. It is likely that this will involve a transition from rigid electromechanical grids to programmable, data-driven networks. This too will require careful design that balances decentralised, bottom-up microgrids against large-scale, networked systems — and integrates the benefits of AI without compromising data security or introducing weakness into our critical infrastructure. \n\nEqually important is the decarbonisation of our energy systems, including challenging sectors such as aviation and shipping. There is reason for optimism here: innovations in chemical engineering are helping the energy sector move towards alternative, low-carbon fuels and capturing carbon from existing and future fossil-fuel-burning energy sources. Primary obstacles include the need for more efficient catalysts, scalable sources of renewable feedstocks and the high costs that make direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide a competing and complementary technology. Broader environmental and sustainability considerations will require significant economic and societal changes: it is likely that only blunt policy instruments and mindset shifts will align our energy use with planetary boundaries and enable us to achieve long-term environmental goals. International funding, cooperation and regulation mechanisms could accelerate adoption of such measures.\n\n\n**KEY TAKEAWAYS**\n\nEnergy production and delivery systems need to undergo a profound transformation if we are to meet both our energy needs and climate and sustainability goals. One important innovation will be an **Integrated energy** sector, where thermal, fuel-based and electrical energy systems interoperate. Electrical grids will also require new infrastructure that can make the most of **Digital energy innovations** and the transformative potential of AI to optimise complex new energy flows. **Alternative sustainable fuels and chemicals** are set to play a significant role in decarbonising energy systems. The science behind creating synthetic fuels from captured carbon dioxide is not yet fully understood and yet is a vital pathway for decarbonising sectors like aviation and shipping. Ecological sustainability and the health of people and the planet demands that the largest change must be to fully **Coupling energy and environment**, which will require significant economic and societal shifts for a successful and timely transition."},"intro":{"text":"The global energy landscape is on the cusp of a profound transformation, driven by the urgent need to mitigate climate change and to build a more sustainable and equitable future. The current system is characterised by siloed infrastructure and a deep-seated reliance on fossil fuels, and faces mounting pressure from innovative, cleaner alternatives. However, significant barriers must be overcome, from policy biases and financial subsidies for incumbents to questions of social justice and infrastructure design. "},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"This graph shows the opinion of current researchers in the field on how anticipated developments in their field will impact each of GESDA’s three essential questions: Who are we as humans? How can we best live together in societies? What is our relationship with the planet? 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This has led to a siloed approach which leaves ample opportunity for convergence towards lower-carbon alternatives."},"description":{"text":"This energy transition is already under way. Clean power is now 40 per cent of global electricity production and the amount of solar power is doubling every three years.[1](/citation/2025-03-3-1-1/) For several years now, it has generally been cheaper to *build* a new clean-energy power plant (with storage) than it is to *operate* an existing fossil-fuel power plant.[2](/citation/2025-03-3-1-2/) But properly modelling and operating energy systems that integrate systems for electricity, fuel and heat requires significant advances. These include high-resolution computer models that capture complex behaviour, control systems optimised by machine learning, standardised communication protocols so that key components can integrate into decentralised systems and advanced cybersecurity to secure energy networks against attack. The scale of these systems must also increase so that energy can flow smoothly across borders, entire regions and potentially globally. This scaling will require advances in modelling, analysis and prediction enabled by advances in AI and quantum computing.\n\nNon-technical barriers, such as legal incompatibilities across regions, socio-political resistance and skills gaps, are also beginning to weigh more heavily than technical ones. For example, global energy policies are heavily biased towards fossil fuels, which are currently subsidised to the tune of up to $7 trillion a year compared to the $1.2 trillion invested in clean energy. Ensuring equal access to clean energy is also a growing concern, given the initial cost of acquiring the infrastructure to deliver it. 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However, hundreds of millions still do not have access to electricity."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a317","name":"Gold","slug":"gold","value":"#F39323"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"68e79f5f996e064174aadeb6","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-25","intro":{"text":"International energy flows accelerate"},"description":{"text":"Efficient energy flows across borders and regions become widespread thanks to a silo-free integrated energy system and agile programmable devices that make the best use of the available infrastructure."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a317","name":"Gold","slug":"gold","value":"#F39323"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"68e79f2e996e064174aadeb1","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-24","intro":{"text":"Integrated energy systems begin to emerge"},"description":{"text":"Integrated energy systems, with shared infrastructure and interoperable AI-driven optimisation and control systems, begin to benefit from advanced control approaches using machine learning. Decentralised control also optimises the exchange of energy across different sectors while minimising losses."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a317","name":"Gold","slug":"gold","value":"#F39323"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"68ede070af9e6d6d63270f21","value":"0.620","numericValue":0.62,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"6ac0bd0f5951be376638a674","value":"0.5915178571","numericValue":0.5915178571,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-03-3-1-1","url":"https://www.economist.com/interactive/essay/2024/06/20/solar-power-is-going-to-be-huge","name":"Sun machines","authors":[],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"The Economist","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":1,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-03-3-1-2","url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-23/building-new-renewables-cheaper-than-running-fossil-fuel-plants","name":"Building new renewables Is cheaper than burning fossil fuels","authors":[{"name":"W. 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This transition has increased the complexity of operations and raised issues of stability and vulnerability to hackers, but also presents an opportunity to dramatically increase the efficiency of the energy infrastructure while reducing its carbon footprint.[3](/citation/2025-03-3-1-3/) This will require the adoption of entirely new operational principles drawing inspiration from modern communication networks and the resilience they offer. The result should be a more flexible, integrated and democratised energy landscape."},"description":{"text":"Just how these new energy grids will evolve is an open question. One option is the development of decentralised, bottom-up systems, or \"microgrids\",[4](/citation/2025-03-3-1-4/) which are more adaptable and can be aggregated over time. Proponents argue that they offer a more modular and resilient form of connectivity. The alternative is large, integrated and networked systems that benefit from economies of scale and encourage resource-sharing. In many parts of the world, these will continue to be favoured. \n\nBoth will require sophisticated models that can simulate complex behaviour, control multifaceted systems and predict future outputs. These “digital twins” are evolving rapidly, enabled by the analysis of large datasets and AI. \n\nHowever, significant barriers still prevent wider implementation, including the inaccessibility of data for security reasons and a reluctance to test AI in critical infrastructure where failures are unacceptable. 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More efficient reactions will improve the viability of “power-to-X” technologies that convert renewable energy into fuels like methane or other hydrocarbons as a form of energy storage, although life-cycle assessment protocols will be required to ensure that synthetic fuels really do have net climate benefits.\n\nBeyond the challenge of developing better materials and processes is the problem of finding scalable, renewable sources of carbon dioxide and hydrogen to act as feedstocks, should these fuels be produced on a vast scale. Biogenic sources of carbon are generally limited and, in some cases, may compete with crops and agriculture. Other sources, like direct air capture (DAC), raise massive engineering challenges. Methane pyrolysis and ammonia cracking are looking like promising routes to producing hydrogen. 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We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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