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These tools should enable the development of suites of microbes that can restore polluted soils and waterways; the creation of new crop varieties that are resilient to climate stressors such as drought; and the synthesis of essential vaccines and materials by engineered biofactories.\n\nTwo barriers must be overcome if these biotechnologies are to come to fruition. The first is procedural: reliably delivering the tools to the specific cells in which we wish to intervene. While this is now readily achievable with single-celled organisms, it remains challenging for most of the organs of the human body, for many crop plants, and for fungi. Reliable and efficient delivery systems are essential for these medical treatments and technologies to be cost-effective.\n\nFinally, all these technologies are utterly dependent on progress in fundamental biology. In particular, the complex interactions between different parts of the genome and the epigenetic markers controlling the expression of genes must be unravelled. It is also necessary to understand how these processes vary in different cell types, organs and organisms. Without this understanding, our interventions are likely to fail, or to create too many undesirable off-target effects. Only with a rich understanding of how different cells work will it be possible to create cell and gene engineering methods that are widely applicable.\n\n**Key takeaways**\n\nBiologists are increasingly able to engineer genes, entire genomes, and living cells. These methods will help us understand fundamental biological principles, such as how cells function and how organisms develop. They also have great potential to advance human welfare, for example through new medical treatments and by creating climate-resilient crops. **Human cell engineering** is often performed using DNA-based methods but also encompasses an array of other techniques. By tinkering with the internal mechanisms of cells, researchers hope to learn more of the underlying principles of human biology. They also hope to develop novel treatments for serious health conditions that are currently unmedicated, and to improve the success rates of existing procedures such as organ transplants. Meanwhile, **non-human cell engineering** has the potential to help solve major global problems such as food insecurity: crops can be modified using multiple techniques to become more nutritious or resilient. Microorganisms like fungi and bacteria can become factories producing useful chemicals and materials. At the heart of many of these efforts are technologies for **editing the genome**. Tools like CRISPR-Cas9 and base editing allow geneticists to rewrite organism’s DNA with unprecedented precision, and at growing scale. Already, these tools have been used to cure rare genetic diseases, saving lives. An alternative to directly altering the genome is **controlling the epigenome**, the array of chemical markers that influence which genes are expressed when. Epigenetic markers can now be mapped in detail, and new tools can either modify them or, if necessary, circumvent them altogether by inserting long stretches of unmarked DNA. The goal here is epigenetic therapies for severe conditions such as chronic hepatitis B infection."},"intro":{"text":"Rapid progress is being made in developing tools to edit the genome. As well as the Nobel Prize winning CRISPR technology, techniques such as base editing and prime editing allow precision editing while causing little harm to the cell. There are also emerging techniques for inserting extremely long sequences into existing genomes, and for editing on a large scale. In parallel, tools using stem cells can create replacements for damaged cells."},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":""},"indicatorValues":[],"editions":[],"anticipatoryImpactImage":null,"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]},"videos":[],"surveyObservations":{"text":""},"color":null,"banner":null,"chartImage":null,"feedEntries":[],"citations":[],"subTopics":[{"id":"6af1db391957f1332a2e28e7","name":"Human cell engineering","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"human-cell-engineering","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":null,"topic":{"id":"6af1db3b1957f1332a2e28ec","slug":"cell-and-gene-engineering-1","path":"/topics/cell-and-gene-engineering-1"},"intro":{"text":"Human cells are incredibly complex systems, with many intricate processes underway at any given moment. Nevertheless, researchers have made rapid headway in engineering them to control their composition and behaviour. One approach is to edit the genome of a cell, with the aim of changing which proteins it makes (see section 3 of this brief). However, there are an array of other approaches, from intervening in the transcription of genes[^1] to creating new macromolecules.[^2]"},"description":{"text":"Such interventions help researchers to better understand how a cell functions. Human cell engineering will therefore help us understand fundamental human biology. This includes deciphering the functions of genes and proteins, understanding how cells transform from one type to another, and tracing development from conception to adulthood. It also promises to shed light on the causes of disease and how diseases affect bodily systems.\n\nHuman cell engineering has enormous medical potential. Harmful genetic mutations can be corrected using editing tools like CRISPR-Cas. Damaged cells may be replaced with healthy ones produced from stem cells,[^3] helping to heal wounds and injuries.[^4] Cells can also be engineered to have therapeutic functions. One prominent example is chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T-cells), which are immune cells engineered to target a specific protein and which are in this way being used to destroy cancer cells.[^5]\n\nOne significant opportunity is to improve the success rate of organ transplants. Currently, to prevent transplanted organs being rejected by the immune system, patients must take immunosuppressant drugs, leaving them at greater risk of infection. However, studies suggest it is possible to prevent immune rejection by bioengineering. Targeted disruption of genes involved in immune recognition has shown promising results in the lab and could reduce or even eliminate the use of immunosuppressants.[^6] The same approach could be used in cell therapy, enabling cells produced from another person’s stem cells to be safely injected.[^7]\n\nThese cell and gene therapies face a number of challenges. One core problem is delivering the therapy to the specific cells at the root of the disorder. Researchers have developed an array of delivery methods: these include lipofection, electroporation, viral vectors, extracellular nanovesicles[^8] and lipid nanoparticles[^9] that can carry CRISPR systems, mechanisms for transferring macromolecules via cell-to-cell contact,[^10] and miniaturised enzymes that can more easily enter human cells.[^11] Nevertheless, confirming that the therapies have had the desired effects within cells remains difficult,[^12] as does tracking unintended and off-target effects.[^13]\n\nThis is exemplified by the ongoing efforts to treat muscular dystrophy by correcting the root mutation in the dystrophin gene.[^14] While there is evidence that the damaged gene was successfully replaced,[^15] this has nonetheless not yet translated into improvements in patient outcomes. Likewise, the cardiovascular drug pelacarsen proved able to lower levels of lipoprotein A, but did not improve patient outcomes.[^16]\n\nThere have been success stories, however. Gene therapies for people with sickle cell disease are highly effective,[^17] and have been approved in multiple countries including the US and UK.[^18]<sup>,</sup>[^19] Likewise, 2025 saw the dramatic case of Baby KJ, who received an individualised gene-editing therapy to resolve a rare genetic disease,[^20] severe carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency.[^21] The challenge is to make such therapies available for all genetic disorders."},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6af1db201957f1332a2e28e2","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-48","intro":{"text":"Immunosuppressant requirements fall"},"description":{"text":"In the near-term, hypoimmune editing should allow transplant patients to use lower doses of immunosuppressants. 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tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-10-02T06:38:25.64","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA Radar and thanks for joining us! 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