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[Unconventional computing](/topics/unconventional-computing) approaches are attempting to resolve this, including computers that operate with light rather than electrons, and “neuromorphic” machines which seek to emulate the power, flexibility and efficiency of the human brain. The coming years might see an acceleration of alternative and unconventional developments.\n\nOne area which has already attracted significant attention, but which may still be under-anticipated, is quantum computing – computing with machines that encode information using the quantum properties of subatomic particles, in principle allowing novel and extremely powerful computational techniques. After decades of development, experts believe niche, but meaningful, applications could be realised within the next five years, with far-reaching consequences for scientific discovery and for a wide variety of industries.\n\n<Topic slug=\"unconventional-computing\" />\n<Topic slug=\"quantum-computing\" id=\"65c55d599e947c438698b7bb\" />\n  \n\n# Expanding consciousness, healthspan and lifespan\n\nThe nature of consciousness has been debated for millennia: even defining what we mean by the term has proven difficult, differing across both time and cultures. That remains an issue, but is not preventing the development of techniques and technologies that are helping us to probe our mental states and the physiological sites and neural activity associated with them. Pharmaceutical interventions and electrical stimulation are making it possible to routinely modulate consciousness. The same can also be said about cognition, our deliberate thought processes: we are gaining the ability to measure and modify the ways we think, and this [neuro-augmentation](/2023-villars-high-level-anticipation-workshop-on-neuro-augmentation) is only set to advance in the future. Reading from and writing to the human brain could allow us to restore lost nervous function, modulate neural activity to improve mental wellbeing and improve our capacity to think and remember.\n\nThere is also a renewed interest in artificial intelligence and what this means for machine consciousness. Researchers are investigating the presence and nature of consciousness in many non-human entities, going far beyond the usual “clever animals” to include invertebrates, machines that emulate human behaviour and even organoids: proto-organs grown from human tissue — including brain tissue. Such an expansive view, if substantiated, could overturn our ideas about the nature and significance of human consciousness. That in turn would help us to better understand what an “inner life” might actually be, and how we might adjust or augment it — initially for therapeutic purposes, but perhaps later for other reasons, too.\n\nWe can also anticipate substantial changes in how we repair and enhance the functioning of our bodies, as well as our minds. New approaches to genetic modification will allow us to make extremely precise changes that offer [healthspan and lifespan extension](/topics/healthspan-extension). The emerging fields of epigenome editing and metagenomics, which can provide a complete profile of all the diverse organisms in a given microbiome, will take this further, allowing fine-tuned optimisation of environmental and symbiotic factors. This increasing availability of genetic data from all organisms on Earth, including species that have been extinct for hundreds of thousands of years, is providing a treasure trove of information from which AI can identify new tools to combat acute challenges such as rising antibiotic resistance.\n\n<Topic slug=\"cognitive-enhancement\" />\n<Topic slug=\"future-of-consciousness\" />\n<Topic slug=\"healthspan-extension\" />\n  \n\n# Eco-augmentation — reshaping the environment\n\nThis year, we have taken a close look at [eco-augmentation](/shaping-ecosystems-anticipating-an-age-of-eco-augmentation) – deliberate and strategic interactions with nature to develop more robust and sustainable social-ecological systems.\n\nThis topic is complex and controversial, since there are many potential benefits to eco-augmentation, ranging from environmental restoration to preserving genetic diversity to increased productivity or increasing robustness. Such interventions require us to reframe future relationships between social and ecological systems in ways that challenge the historic separation of human and natural spheres. But as environments around the world continue to undergo rapid transformation, and new insights from science and technology result in more powerful tools, the appetite for such interventions is growing.\n\nThat said, the state of our knowledge about the details of the environment and its sets of complex interactions does not match our ability to intervene. Some ecosystems are well studied, but we need to better understand and monitor their dynamics and health. By illuminating “darkspots” — entire ecosystems or biomes about which we are ignorant — and “greyspots”, for which data exists but is fragmented and disparate, we will better understand how interventions may be employed. A poorly designed or executed intervention might have effects ranging from ineffectual to disastrous — but because technologies such as synthetic biology are advancing rapidly, there is an increasing need to decide how and why we wish to deploy them.\n\nAn acute example is our ocean systems, which we know support human ecosystems but are also vulnerable to human activity, most obviously climate change. Advances in ocean science are creating astounding new discoveries, such as dark oxygen sources in the deep sea. Given how little we know currently, one of the few things we can be certain of in the future is that we will make many more such paradigm-shifting discoveries in fields including biodiversity and ecosystem services as well as chemistry, minerals and energy sources, all of which will need to be carefully managed. Equally in need of careful attention is our [orbital environment](/topics/orbital-environment): advances in off-Earth manufacturing and increasing capabilities of space-based resources and infrastructure are intensifying the need to peacefully manage outer space.\n\n<Trend slug=\"eco-regeneration-geoengineering\" /> \n<Topic slug=\"orbital-environment\" />\n  \n\n# The datafication of society\n\nIn a year when a huge proportion of the global population went to the polls to vote, the role that digital technology plays in shaping our societies was once again under scrutiny. Conflicts around the world are taking place simultaneously in the information sphere and in physical reality, while the ways in which we interact within civil society are also subject to novel and potentially transformative forces, which are, for the most part, poorly understood.\n\nNew technologies including AI, quantum computing and the internet of things promise to make the situation even more fluid in years to come: the ability to deploy convincingly faked material and “bots” capable of holding plausible online conversations, for example, pose new and intractable security risks. The boundaries of privacy are also being forced back as biometric data and detailed information about people's movements and activities becomes available at scale. These developments necessitate new ways of thinking about trust, identity and digital security — for example, providing trusted mechanisms for validating multiple aspects of a single person’s identity — and new approaches to safeguarding data, including a raft of new approaches to encryption.\n\nThis plethora of online activity provides opportunity, as well as challenge, however: it supplies raw material for more detailed and accurate modelling of the [behavioural science of groups](/topics/behavioural-science-of-groups) that previously had to be estimated or assumed. Equipped with granular data about social behaviours and interactions, researchers can begin to understand how conflict, polarisation and extremism arise — and develop precisely targeted interventions to defuse dangerous situations before they ignite.\n\n<Topic slug=\"behavioural-science-of-groups\" />\n  \n\n# Transformative fundamental technologies\n\nSome technologies have the power to significantly transform huge sectors of society, as well as being an enabling force for technology development itself across many different sectors — AI being a recent example. Other, similarly powerful technologies also present enormous opportunities — though with significant technical, ethical and social challenges.\n\nOne such field is [synthetic biology](/topics/synthetic-biology-1), based on precision tools for editing and engineering genomes and other biological molecules. This enables the modification of organisms in fundamental and enduring ways, or the creation of entirely new organisms. Initial applications have targeted medicine and health, but are also starting to be used to develop new carbon-negative materials, foodstuffs and energy sources — as well as to modify ecosystems. In the future, the development of cheap, off-the-self kits for designing biology from scratch will provide huge opportunities for new applications of synthetic biology, but also raise questions of how the applications of such powerful technology will be regulated.\n\nWhile synthetic biology promises to reshape our future, related technologies offer us unparalleled new insights into our past — redefining [archaeology](/topics/archaeology). Significant advances in molecular-level analysis of archaeological remains are starting to give us the ability to detail the biology and behaviours of our ancestors, as well as the prehistory of our environment, climate and societies. These will have revelatory implications for our understanding of our situations today — allowing comparisons of migration trends, for example. As DNA-reading technologies improve to allow us to extract information from deeper and deeper into the past, the distinction between social and natural sciences is likely to further erode to offer unified and powerful insights into key questions about our world.\n\n<Topic slug=\"synthetic-biology-1\" />\n<Topic slug=\"archaeology\" />\n\n\n\n\n"},"titleRich":{"id":"65c55d169e947c438698afe8_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"65c55d169e947c438698afe8_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":"Top Trends 2024","description":{"plain":"Beyond working with the scientific community to ensure the Radar reflects the latest developments and trajectories in science and technology, the Pulse of Science has been expanded to include four new scientific topics: Robotics and Embodied Intelligence; the Behavioural Science of Groups; Digital Security; and Archaeology. 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Between them, these offer water ice, metals, building materials and real estate. \n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1787972840/gesda-platform/banner/mayhem-on-the-horizon-by-nicolas-billot-university-of-geneva_image__22Mayhem_on_the_horizon_22_by_Nicolas_BILLOT_University_of_Geneva_ttymol.jpg","url2x":null}}},{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7b6","path":"/topics/healthspan-extension","outlineNumber":"2.3","slug":"healthspan-extension","name":"Healthspan Extension","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","value":"#44AFCD"},"__typename":"Platform_Topic","_schema":{"label":"Topic","pluralLabel":"Topics"},"editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","numericValue":2024},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","numericValue":2025}],"openGraph":{"title":"Healthspan Extension","description":{"plain":"Ageing was once thought to be an inescapable fact of human life. \n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1787968588/gesda-platform/banner/to-the-bone-by-tatiana-kochetkova-university-of-bern_image__22To_the_bone_22_by_Tatiana_Kochetkova_University_of_Bern_c3kosv.jpg","url2x":null}}},{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","path":"/topics/future-of-consciousness","outlineNumber":"2.4","slug":"future-of-consciousness","name":"Future of Consciousness","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","value":"#44AFCD"},"__typename":"Platform_Topic","_schema":{"label":"Topic","pluralLabel":"Topics"},"editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","numericValue":2024},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","numericValue":2025}],"openGraph":{"title":"Future of Consciousness","description":{"plain":"Research over the last few decades has made significant inroads into important issues such as investigating disorders of consciousness, understanding and treating coma and related states, and determining how our biologically evolved consciousness might be augmented using biotechnology and/or silicon technologies in the future. \n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760093422/gesda-platform/banner/2-4-1-human-consciousness-2026_image__2.4.1_Human_Consciousness_slobn6.webp","url2x":null}}},{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7aa","path":"/topics/cognitive-enhancement","outlineNumber":"2.1","slug":"cognitive-enhancement","name":"Cognitive Enhancement","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","value":"#44AFCD"},"__typename":"Platform_Topic","_schema":{"label":"Topic","pluralLabel":"Topics"},"editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","numericValue":2024},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","numericValue":2025}],"openGraph":{"title":"Cognitive Enhancement","description":{"plain":"The field of cognitive enhancement is rapidly accelerating. 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We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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