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China has threatened to suspend rare-earth exports necessary for critical hardware components to the US.\n\nWhere traditional power was measured in terms of territory, military might or economic output, the ability to shape, control and deploy advanced technologies now determines the contours of global influence. This shift is visible in the way states and other actors increasingly treat scientific knowledge, technological infrastructure and the flow of expertise as strategic assets to be guarded, leveraged or denied. In the Cold War era scientific fragmentation was constrained to areas with direct military application, and broad international collaboration remained. Now, however, the domains that are considered strategic have expanded into general fields such as AI and biotechnology.\n\nAnother important difference to the Cold War era is today’s unprecedented level of global economic interdependence. Global supply chains have become intricate international networks that connect manufacturers, suppliers, logistics providers and consumers across continents to produce and deliver goods or services. The COVID-19 pandemic and more recently the Russia-Ukraine war have shown how disruptions in one part of the world — such as a shortage of personal protective equipment from China or natural gas from Russia — impact industries and economies worldwide.\n\nThese interdependencies create choke points that are being weaponised. In the context of science and technology, a choke point is a critical node — a material, process or platform — that is essential for the functioning of a broader system. Control over such a node allows an actor to exert significant influence, either by enabling their own progress or by constraining the capabilities of others. The appeal of focusing on choke points lies in their efficiency: rather than attempting to dominate entire technological ecosystems, actors can target specific vulnerabilities that ripple outward.\n\nThe global semiconductor supply chain, for example, has become a focal point for such strategies, as access to cutting-edge chips is indispensable for a range of emerging technologies. Similarly, the ability to set technical standards, regulate key software platforms or control access to specialised scientific equipment can translate into significant leverage. For example, the European Union’s GDPR not only governs digital privacy within Europe but has become the de facto global privacy standard, as international businesses must comply to operate in the EU (this outsized influence is sometime referred to as the “Brussels effect”). In terms of equipment, the Dutch company ASML is the sole supplier of the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines required to manufacture the most advanced microchips.\n\nThis approach is not limited to hardware. Increasingly it extends to intangible domains such as data and talent, which have become the lifeblood of scientific and technological advancement.\n\nData, in particular, has assumed a central role in the geopolitics of the 21st century. The ability to collect, store and analyse vast quantities of information underpins progress in AI, biotechnology and other fields. As a result, control over data pipelines — and thus who can access, process and benefit from data — has become a matter of national and economic security. States and corporations are investing in data infrastructure, erecting regulatory barriers to cross-border data flows and treating data as a strategic asset. The contest over data sovereignty is reshaping international relations, as countries seek to balance the benefits of open science with the imperatives of privacy, security and competitiveness.\n\nThe competition for talent is equally important. Scientific and technological progress depends not only on physical resources or infrastructure, but on the cultivation and attraction of the skilled researchers, engineers and innovators whose expertise animates the entire system. The global circulation of talent is both an opportunity and a vulnerability: attracting leading minds can accelerate national progress, while losing them can undermine long-term competitiveness, since the tacit knowledge embedded in professional networks and collaborative research is difficult to replicate or replace. As a result, restrictions on academic exchanges, tighter visa regimes and concerns about “brain drain” have become prominent features of the geopolitical landscape.\n\nWith science and technology becoming a new axis along which geopolitical power is exercised, the global research ecosystem is undergoing fragmentation. Where international collaboration once drove scientific progress, suspicion and strategic competition now threaten to silo knowledge and capacity. Export controls, national security reviews and regulatory barriers have made cross-border partnerships more difficult, particularly in sensitive domains like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology. The result is a world in which scientific knowledge and technological capacity are increasingly compartmentalised, with actors seeking to secure their own advantages while guarding against the risks of dependence on others.\n\nThis fragmentation is further complicated by the layered nature of technological systems. Technologies rarely exist in isolation; they form complex “stacks” of mutually reinforcing capabilities. This means that while some actors may focus on controlling specific choke points, others invest in building broad, resilient technological bases that can provide alternative pathways around bottlenecks. For example, faced with the above-mentioned export bans and bottlenecks in chip fabrication, China has launched programmes spanning research, education, subsidies and domestic procurement, aiming to build an independent, end-to-end chip ecosystem — seeking to develop homegrown, redundant and diverse sources across the full supply chain.\n\nOthers are following suit in attempting to bypass bottlenecks. For example, Brazil, which holds the world’s second-largest rare-earth reserves, is rapidly developing 27 rare-earth projects to establish an independent supply chain of these materials, which are essential for high-tech. India, meanwhile, has launched the $10 billion Semicon India programme, offering major subsidies to attract both domestic and global semiconductor companies. The interplay between these strategies creates a dynamic landscape in which vulnerabilities and opportunities are constantly shifting.\n\nLooking ahead, the role of science and technology as a factor in geopolitics will probably grow more pronounced. The search for new chokepoints will continue as technology evolves, as will efforts to build resilience through diversification, redundancy and the cultivation of domestic talent and data ecosystems.\n\nGovernance in this new era presents formidable challenges. Traditional, top-down approaches may struggle to keep pace with the rapid, decentralised and often unpredictable nature of technological change. More adaptive and experimental forms of governance will be needed — ones that can respond quickly to emerging vulnerabilities, recalibrate strategies in real time and foster the kind of innovation essential for resilience.\n\nUltimately, control over science and technology has become a decisive factor in geopolitics, one that is closely intertwined with a broader struggle for dominance. Success in this environment will depend not only on the ability to identify and exploit chokepoints, but perhaps more importantly on the capacity to adapt, innovate and collaborate in the face of constant change: the (ab)use of chokepoints will continue strengthening incentives for states and companies alike to find alternative economic and technological ecosystems. Substantial effort will probably go into mapping and shedding light on the economic networks binding the world together, probing for potential vulnerabilities, and assessing how best they could be mitigated. Those who can secure the flow of data, attract and retain talent, and build flexible, resilient technological systems will be best positioned to shape the future of the international order.\n\n\n*Henry Farrel, SNF Agora Professor of International Affairs at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in Baltimore, Maryland\n\n*Kyle Chan, Postdoctoral Research Associate and Lecturer in Sociology at Princeton University, New Jersey\n*\n*Federica Du Pasquier, Lecturer on Law and Global Affairs at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut*"},"titleRich":{"id":"68b6f57bf16db0c877ddb742_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"68b6f57bf16db0c877ddb742_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"Following decades of relatively free trade and aggressive globalisation during which economic growth arguably reigned supreme as a foreign-policy objective, geopolitics is dramatically altering the landscape of the global economic and financial system in ways not seen since the 1930s. 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Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! 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