{
    "componentChunkName": "component---src-gatsby-entities-page-tsx",
    "path": "/publications/the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference",
    "result": {"data":{"platform":{"page":{"id":"65c55d169e947c438698b037","slug":"the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference","path":"/publications/the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference","name":"The Future of Peace and War: The vital role of debate and difference","title":"The Future of Peace and War: The vital role of debate and difference","pretitle":"Invited Contribution:","subtitle":null,"content":{"text":"What will the wars of the future look like, as the age of data is transforming societies in ways not seen since the Industrial Revolution? Two trends are emerging that point into two opposite directions.\n\nOn the one hand, technological progress leads to an unprecedented potential empowerment of the individual. We have all the knowledge of the world at our fingertips, and with ever more effective connectivity we can insert ourselves in the production processes, ensuring that products are tailored to our specific needs. With 3D printing, we can even produce our own products, from clothes to less benign possessions such as guns. This extreme individualisation reflects a broader trend in science as well as in society. As knowledge gains ever more specificity, medicine can be increasingly tailored to individual profiles.    And most societies ---especially but not only in the West --- celebrate the agency of the individual as the master of their own destiny.\n\nOn the other hand, the mass collection of data gives the collecting organisations the capacity to shape collective perceptions in a way that is much more powerful than traditional propaganda. Individuals can now be easily manipulated by corporations or authoritarian states that collect and manage data. Meanwhile, the volume of data that we generate is growing exponentially, as the digitalisation of the world ensures that every moment of our lives leaves a trace. Moreover, the volume collected is so vast that only algorithms can effectively manage it. Most of these algorithms are self-learning, raising the question of who has ultimate control over them.\n\nThe trend towards ever greater individualisation may usher in ever more fragmented societies, deprived of a shared common space. The decline of collective values makes the avoidance of risk the absolute priority. And the emphasis on the supreme value of the individual increases the potency of terrorism, as the protection of each individual life trumps any other societal consideration. Societies fragment into self-referential groups united by fear rather than shared values, and public debate withers. This is already in evidence in many western societies. In the absence of conflicting but nevertheless collective visions structuring societies, traditional politics is in decline, replaced by atomised violence and radical populist groups whose appeal rests on symbols rather than genuine programs. Over time, such societies will become increasingly vulnerable, as they find it more and more difficult to raise the revenues that fund public services. A vicious circle sets in, whereby the declining legitimacy of collective institutions erodes their capacity to support themselves, which in turn leads to the deterioration of the services they provide.\n\nThe opposite trend, reflected in the concentration of power resulting from the mass collection of data, generates a huge inequality between the entities that collect and manage data and the individuals who provide them. Today there is a great difference between societies in which the state is the main collector and manager of data, and those in which corporations are the main actors. China is the prime example of the first category, and it uses the data to ensure its stability,    by suppressing dissent, but with the greater ambition to create a “harmonious” society in which perceptions are so tightly controlled that the people won't even feel their chains, living happily in a manufactured bliss. The giant American corporations that thrive on data have a different goal: they want to maximise their profit. Social media companies have found, unsurprisingly, that people prefer to be reinforced in their opinions rather than challenged, resulting in the formation of groups which self-radicalise and have little time for contrarian views. These companies, therefore, tend to amplify difference without facilitating discussion.\n\nIn theory, the virtual space of the internet could foster a virtual agora in which various views could be discussed. However, the reality is the opposite, and the cacophony of opinions is generating a dangerous backlash: the easiest way to avoid damaging polarisation is to suppress controversial views, and there are increasing demands for stricter regulation of the opinions that can be expressed on the internet. It is possible, if not likely, that western societies might eventually embrace their own version of the Chinese model, suppressing any opinion that triggers controversy, thereby fostering homogeneous conformist societies. The end-result would be the consolidation of societies where there is little dissent, with the risk that governments could use the power of data to mobilise their societies on the basis of strident nationalism and identity. Instead of the fragmented violence of hyper-individualistic societies, the world could face not the clash of civilisations foreseen by Huntington, but a clash of closed societies incapable of relating peacefully with anything different from them. Domestic dysfunctionality may be a predictor of international conflict. Russia today illustrates how a violent society can turn into a violent international actor. In an age of weapons of mass destruction, such mass thinking could be catastrophic.\n\nWe can do better than those two dystopian futures, but we need to work out how. How do we prevent the slide from dysfunctional societies to a dysfunctional international system? Political institutions are lagging behind scientific and technical progress, and the gap that has opened is at the root of the crisis of trust in collective institutions. The legitimacy of traditional institutions is already being challenged: the enormous expansion of knowledge inevitably increases the separation between political and technical decisions at the same time as power and wealth are being captured by new actors. Rebuilding trust under such circumstances is a difficult but necessary process. It will require new institutions to restore accountability, and a better and more transparent articulation between competing legitimacies. The strength of democratic societies has been to welcome debate and differences. Their challenge is now to ensure that differences don't turn into violent conflict. \n"},"titleRich":{"id":"65c55d169e947c438698b037_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"65c55d169e947c438698b037_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":"The Future of Peace and War: The vital role of debate and difference","description":{"plain":"As the British historian Michael Howard has brilliantly explained, conflict is always a mirror of a particular society. The wars of the knights had little in common with the wars of the professional soldiers of the 18th century, or with the wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. More recently, the Industrial Age made “total war” a reality, culminating in the possibility of mass annihilation of the nuclear age.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668981528/gesda-22/banner/banner-ic-5-3_thumbnail__IC5-3%20-%20Thumb.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"large":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,h_512/v1668981528/gesda-22/banner/banner-ic-5-3_thumbnail__IC5-3%20-%20Thumb.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,h_1024/v1668981528/gesda-22/banner/banner-ic-5-3_thumbnail__IC5-3%20-%20Thumb.jpg"}}}},"parent":{"id":"6a9362ba34307dba8bf55024","name":"Publications","path":"/publications"},"typeLabel":"Invited Contribution","type":{"name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution"},"types":[{"name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution"}],"intro":{"text":"As the British historian Michael Howard has brilliantly explained, conflict is always a mirror of a particular society. The wars of the knights had little in common with the wars of the professional soldiers of the 18th century, or with the wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. More recently, the Industrial Age made “total war” a reality, culminating in the possibility of mass annihilation of the nuclear age."},"orderNumber":null,"files":[],"family":[{"id":"65c55d169e947c438698b037","name":"The Future of Peace and War: The vital role of debate and difference","slug":"the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference","path":"/publications/the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference","subtitle":null}],"moderators":[],"authors":[{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b158","name":"Jean-Marie Guéhenno","slug":"jean-marie-guehenno","position":"Arnold A. Saltzman Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs; Director of SIPA’s Kent Global Leadership Program on Conflict Resolution; Director of International Conflict Resolution Specialization","path":"/people/jean-marie-guehenno","photo":{"id":"image_gesda-22/person/jean-marie-guehenno_photo__Jean-Marie-Gue%CC%81henno_002_gjqxak","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668987222/gesda-22/person/jean-marie-guehenno_photo__Jean-Marie-Gue%25CC%2581henno_002_gjqxak.jpg","url2x":null},"organisation":{"id":"65c55d059e947c438698ac24","name":"Columbia University","slug":"columbia-university"}}],"people":[{"id":"65c55d249e947c438698b158","name":"Jean-Marie Guéhenno","slug":"jean-marie-guehenno","path":"/people/jean-marie-guehenno","__typename":"Platform_Person","_schema":{"label":"Person","pluralLabel":"People"},"organisation":{"id":"65c55d059e947c438698ac24","name":"Columbia University"},"position":"Arnold A. Saltzman Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs; Director of SIPA’s Kent Global Leadership Program on Conflict Resolution; Director of International Conflict Resolution Specialization","photo":{"id":"image_gesda-22/person/jean-marie-guehenno_photo__Jean-Marie-Gue%CC%81henno_002_gjqxak","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668987222/gesda-22/person/jean-marie-guehenno_photo__Jean-Marie-Gue%25CC%2581henno_002_gjqxak.jpg","url2x":null}}],"layout":{"id":"65c55d189e947c438698b059","name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution","component":"PageLayoutInvitedContribution"},"videos":[],"trend":null,"connectedTrends":[],"connectedTopics":[],"connectedSubTopics":[],"topics":[],"events":[],"embeds":{"citations":[],"trends":[],"topics":[],"pages":[],"people":[],"imageAssets":[]},"bannerLinks":[],"cardLinks":[],"children":[],"feedEntries":[],"banner":{"id":"65c55ca69e947c4386989d82","name":"Banner - IC5-3","slug":"banner-ic-5-3","title":null,"description":{"text":""},"alternateText":null,"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/banner/banner-ic-5-3_image__banner-ic-5-3_image__IC5-3_-_1900PX_is7j4x","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1728001821/gesda-platform/banner/banner-ic-5-3_image__banner-ic-5-3_image__IC5-3_-_1900PX_is7j4x.jpg","url2x":null,"width":1920,"height":1025,"thumbnails":{"halfBanner":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_780/v1728001821/gesda-platform/banner/banner-ic-5-3_image__banner-ic-5-3_image__IC5-3_-_1900PX_is7j4x.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_1560/v1728001821/gesda-platform/banner/banner-ic-5-3_image__banner-ic-5-3_image__IC5-3_-_1900PX_is7j4x.jpg"}}}},"slices":[]}}},"pageContext":{"lang":{"id":"en","path":"","iso":"en","name":"English","label":"English"},"availableEntities":["Event","Organisation","Page","Person","Post","Space","Topic","Trend","FeedEntry","Citation","OrganisationType","Economy","Video","Objective","ProfileType","ExpertiseLevel","EntityType"],"detailEntities":["Event","Organisation","Page","Person","Post","Space","Topic","Trend"],"site":{"id":"65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","slug":"gesda-radar-website","name":"GESDA Radar Website","url":"https://radar.gesda.global","title":"GESDA","twitter":null,"threads":null,"facebook":null,"linkedin":null,"instagram":null,"flickr":null,"tiktok":null,"youtube":null,"ownerName":"GESDA","recaptchaKey":"6Ld6uogcAAAAAAKB-7dWbOSN1c6YBdzWNiXOwy6Y","googleSiteVerification":"QlQM75enB3lQYYCCQh_ZQuYiT39tm5WmLtz6WSu844U","platformName":"GESDA Community Platform","platformUrl":"https://platform.gesda.global","supportEmail":null,"contactEmail":null,"mainMenu":{"id":"65c55cfe9e947c438698abde","slug":"website-navigation"},"linearMenu":null,"entityViews":[{"id":"6789e470a53c1b39754b99cc_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Radar","hash":"radar","label":null,"slug":"radar","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e46ca53c1b39754b99c8","name":"Radar Icon Glyph","slug":"radar-icon-glyph","component":"RadarIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]},{"id":"6789e688a53c1b39754b9b1c_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Pulse of Science","hash":"pulse-of-science","label":null,"slug":"pulse-of-science","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e685a53c1b39754b9b18","name":"Grid Icon Glyph","slug":"grid-icon-glyph","component":"GridIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[{"id":"65c55ccd9e947c438698a489","name":"Scientific Platform","internalName":"Trend"},{"id":"65c55ccd9e947c438698a488","name":"Topic","internalName":"Topic"},{"id":"65c55ccd9e947c438698a487","name":"SubTopic","internalName":"SubTopic"}],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]},{"id":"6789e6a2a53c1b39754b9b22_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Pulse of Diplomacy","hash":"pulse-of-diplomacy","label":null,"slug":"pulse-of-diplomacy","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e685a53c1b39754b9b18","name":"Grid Icon Glyph","slug":"grid-icon-glyph","component":"GridIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[{"id":"67e36b3d8beecc826617db27","name":"Opportunity","internalName":"Opportunity"}],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]},{"id":"6789e7efa53c1b39754b9c66_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Pulse of Impact","hash":"pulse-of-impact","label":null,"slug":"pulse-of-impact","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e685a53c1b39754b9b18","name":"Grid Icon Glyph","slug":"grid-icon-glyph","component":"GridIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]},{"id":"6789e804a53c1b39754b9c6c_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Pulse of Society","hash":"pulse-of-society","label":null,"slug":"pulse-of-society","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e685a53c1b39754b9b18","name":"Grid Icon Glyph","slug":"grid-icon-glyph","component":"GridIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]},{"id":"6789e819a53c1b39754b9c72_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Community","hash":"community","label":null,"slug":"community","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e685a53c1b39754b9b18","name":"Grid Icon Glyph","slug":"grid-icon-glyph","component":"GridIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[{"id":"65c55ccd9e947c438698a486","name":"Person","internalName":"Person"}],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]},{"id":"6789e82aa53c1b39754b9c78_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Resources","hash":"resources","label":null,"slug":"resources","count":0,"showCount":null,"disabled":true,"icon":{"id":"6789e685a53c1b39754b9b18","name":"Grid Icon Glyph","slug":"grid-icon-glyph","component":"GridIconGlyph"},"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"6789e309a53c1b39754b99b8","name":"Explorer","slug":"explorer"},"slices":[]}],"entityAppViews":[],"entityOnboardingViews":[{"id":"67abe7ff5569917bb935b96e_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Trend Expertise","hash":"trend-expertise","label":null,"slug":"trend-expertise","count":0,"showCount":null,"icon":null,"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"67a43d6819adefbb85f48449","name":"onboarding","slug":"onboarding-100"},"slices":[{"id":"67abe7f45569917bb935b96b_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Onboarding Trend Expertise Grid","slug":"onboarding-trend-expertise-grid","label":null,"updated":"2025-04-23T01:40:41.02","layout":{"id":"67abe7aa5569917bb935b969","name":"Onboarding Trend Expertise Grid","slug":"onboarding-trend-expertise-grid","component":"SliceLayoutOnboardingTrendExpertiseGrid"},"connectedEntities":[{"id":"93edb1438351abb2643d4acc","name":"Trend Expertise","slug":"trend-expertise","internalName":"trendExpertise"}],"headerFontType":{"internalName":"serif"},"pretitle":null,"pretitleRich":{"id":"67abe7f45569917bb935b96b_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5_pretitleRich","text":""},"title":null,"titleRich":{"id":"67abe7f45569917bb935b96b_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5_titleRich","text":"Are you **Interested** in any of these Scientific Platforms?"}}]},{"id":"67a44de519adefbb85f48a0e_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Profile Types","hash":"profile-types","label":null,"slug":"profile-types-101","count":0,"showCount":null,"icon":null,"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"67a43d6819adefbb85f48449","name":"onboarding","slug":"onboarding-100"},"slices":[{"id":"67a44ddf19adefbb85f489a7_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Onboarding Profile Types Grid","slug":"onboarding-profile-types-grid","label":null,"updated":"2025-04-24T05:29:22.87","layout":{"id":"67a43ed519adefbb85f485f1","name":"Onboarding Profile Types Grid","slug":"onboarding-profile-types-grid-100","component":"SliceLayoutOnboardingProfileTypesGrid"},"connectedEntities":[{"id":"67a8632325822d557814f0ff","name":"Profile Type","slug":"profile-type-100","internalName":"ProfileType"}],"headerFontType":{"internalName":"serif"},"pretitle":"Which of the below best describes you","pretitleRich":{"id":"67a44ddf19adefbb85f489a7_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5_pretitleRich","text":""},"title":"Which best Describes you?","titleRich":{"id":"67a44ddf19adefbb85f489a7_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5_titleRich","text":""}}]},{"id":"67a44dff19adefbb85f48a75_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Objectives","hash":"objectives","label":null,"slug":"objectives-101","count":0,"showCount":null,"icon":null,"childEntityTypes":[],"type":{"id":"67a43d6819adefbb85f48449","name":"onboarding","slug":"onboarding-100"},"slices":[{"id":"67a44e1819adefbb85f48a77_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5","name":"Onboarding Objectives Grid","slug":"onboarding-objectives-grid","label":null,"updated":"2025-04-24T00:23:25.08","layout":{"id":"67a43fc719adefbb85f48729","name":"Onboarding Objectives Grid","slug":"onboarding-objectives-grid-100","component":"SliceLayoutOnboardingObjectivesGrid"},"connectedEntities":[{"id":"7b7f9366a36031a0b955f4fe","name":"Objectives","slug":"objectives","internalName":"objectives"}],"headerFontType":null,"pretitle":null,"pretitleRich":{"id":"67a44e1819adefbb85f48a77_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5_pretitleRich","text":""},"title":null,"titleRich":{"id":"67a44e1819adefbb85f48a77_65c55d469e947c438698b5f5_titleRich","text":"What are your priority **objectives**?"}}]}],"gptLanguages":[{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab16","name":"Italian","slug":"italian","iso":"it","locale":null,"path":"","label":null,"menuLabel":null},{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab15","name":"German","slug":"german","iso":"de","locale":null,"path":"","label":null,"menuLabel":null},{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab14","name":"French","slug":"french","iso":"fr","locale":"fr_FR","path":"/fr","label":"Français","menuLabel":null},{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab13","name":"English","slug":"english","iso":"en","locale":"en_US","path":"/en","label":"English","menuLabel":null}],"gptQuestionTemplate":{"id":"66fba3830d8106f0539769a8","name":"Stakeholder Targetted Open Question","slug":"stakeholder-targetted-open-question","path":"/prompt-templates/stakeholder-targetted-open-question","__typename":"PromptTemplate","_entityTypeName":null,"label":"Stakeholder Targetted Question","type":{"id":"66f5044748837661683c4ab2","name":"Ask","slug":"ask"},"description":{"text":"This prompt template is designed to guide the respondent in providing accurate answers based on the provided context while maintaining a specific perspective or tone that aligns with a designated stakeholder type. It emphasizes the importance of acknowledging limitations when sufficient information is not available."},"summary":{"text":"Answer the question based on the provided context, specifying your stakeholder perspective."},"gptModel":null,"variablesPrompt":{"text":""},"submitLabel":null,"languages":[{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab13","name":"English","slug":"english","iso":"en","locale":"en_US"},{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab14","name":"French","slug":"french","iso":"fr","locale":"fr_FR"},{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab15","name":"German","slug":"german","iso":"de","locale":null},{"id":"65c55cf89e947c438698ab16","name":"Italian","slug":"italian","iso":"it","locale":null}],"icon":null,"variables":[{"id":"66fba2d20d8106f0539768b9","name":"question","slug":"question-3","useVectorStore":true,"label":"Question","labelAnother":null,"help":{"text":""},"options":{"text":""},"defaultValue":null,"entityTypes":[],"controlType":{"id":"65c55cbf9e947c438698a336","name":"Textarea","slug":"textarea"},"labelContextual":null,"labelAnotherContextual":null,"helpContextual":{"text":""},"optionsContextual":{"text":""},"defaultValueContextual":null,"entityTypesContextual":[],"controlTypeContextual":null},{"id":"66fba3780d8106f053976906","name":"stakeholder_type","slug":"stakeholder-type","useVectorStore":null,"label":"Stakeholder Type","labelAnother":null,"help":{"text":""},"options":{"text":"A Teenager\nThe General Public\nA Policymaker\nA Scientist"},"defaultValue":"The General Public","entityTypes":[],"controlType":{"id":"65c55cbf9e947c438698a334","name":"Single Select","slug":"select"},"labelContextual":null,"labelAnotherContextual":null,"helpContextual":{"text":""},"optionsContextual":{"text":"A Teenager\nThe General Public\nA Policymaker\nA Scientist"},"defaultValueContextual":null,"entityTypesContextual":[],"controlTypeContextual":null}]},"advertisements":[],"logoVerticalOffset":null,"logoHorizontalOffset":null,"logoVerticalOffsetMobile":null,"logoHorizontalOffsetMobile":null,"logoVerticalOffsetTablet":null,"logoHorizontalOffsetTablet":null,"logoVerticalOffsetDesktop":null,"logoHorizontalOffsetDesktop":null,"logoHeightMobile":37,"logoHeightTablet":40,"logoHeightDesktop":43,"headerHeightMobile":74,"headerHeightTablet":76,"headerHeightDesktop":87,"logo":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1714026063/gesda-platform/site/gesda-website_logo__gesda-color_mx5te2.png","type":"image/png","width":704,"height":316},"logoInverted":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1788137488/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_logoInverted__gesda-logo_ljyk27.png","type":"image/png","width":403,"height":202},"footerMenu":null,"footerSecondaryMenu":null,"footerContent":{"text":""},"creator":null,"poweredBy":{"id":"65c55d059e947c438698ace1","name":"Shapeable","slug":"shapeable","url":"https://shapeable.ai","logo":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668986804/gesda-22/organisation/shapeable_logo__shapeable.png","type":"image/png","width":1174,"height":368},"logoInverted":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1731468245/gesda-platform/organisation/shapeable_logoInverted__shapeable-logo-inverted_rpx1ou.png","type":"image/png","width":392,"height":118},"logoSubtle":null},"poweredByLabel":null,"poweredByContent":{"text":""},"explorerPage":{"name":"Home","title":null,"slug":"home","path":"/"},"termsPage":null,"homePage":{"name":"Home","title":null,"slug":"home","path":"/"},"knowledgeHubPage":null,"privacyPolicyPage":{"name":"Privacy Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! ","invitationAction":"join the GESDA Radar Website community","setupCompletionMessage":null,"languages":[],"brandColors":[],"showLogin":true,"showShareMenu":null,"showFollowMenu":null,"showPlatformLogin":null,"showContactUs":null,"loginLabel":"Member login","platformLoginLabel":null,"headerButtons":[{"id":"6a8fc65ae69c51827b086a0b","name":"Gesda Public Website link","slug":"gesda-public-website-link","page":null,"label":"Public website","url":"https://www.gesda.global","isDownload":null,"color":null,"icon":null},{"id":"68eda7e8501d12182c0ef374","name":"Ai Modal Button","slug":"ai-modal-button","page":null,"label":"RadarAI","url":null,"isDownload":null,"color":null,"icon":{"id":"6789e346a53c1b39754b99bd","name":"AI Lower Case Icon Glyph","slug":"ai-lower-case-icon-glyph","component":"AiLowerCaseIconGlyph"}}]},"includeProfile":true,"disableProfileEditing":false,"dynamicEntityTypeNames":[],"profilePath":"/app/profile","welcomePath":"/app/welcome","id":"65c55d169e947c438698b037","slug":"the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference","entityPath":"/publications/the-future-of-peace-and-war-the-vital-role-of-debate-and-difference","name":"The Future of Peace and War: The vital role of debate and difference","openGraph":{"title":"The Future of Peace and War: The vital role of debate and difference","date":"2026-09-14T03:15:57.100","description":{"plain":"As the British historian Michael Howard has brilliantly explained, conflict is always a mirror of a particular society. The wars of the knights had little in common with the wars of the professional soldiers of the 18th century, or with the wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. More recently, the Industrial Age made “total war” a reality, culminating in the possibility of mass annihilation of the nuclear age.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668981528/gesda-22/banner/banner-ic-5-3_thumbnail__IC5-3%20-%20Thumb.jpg","type":"image/jpeg","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668981528/gesda-22/banner/banner-ic-5-3_thumbnail__IC5-3%20-%20Thumb.jpg"}}}},"entityTypeName":"Page","updated":"2026-09-14T03:15:57.100","__type":"Page"}},
    "staticQueryHashes": ["1044227382","1071300789","1158597448","1242646999","1427075558","1452322194","1520036161","1586309863","1606754935","1734835243","1816168740","1903214493","1989845544","2034981229","2097402925","2181044613","239250450","2409034939","2463401854","2612382444","2862279633","2910164142","2912920178","2955142335","3005265507","3073584486","3124191253","3172506128","3320076387","3624873332","364221563","3665990662","3692255024","3778988535","3782604890","4091857177","4216505212","701411134","758936535","881103158"]}