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But to really understand a system, thousands of examples are required and all the normal variance between individuals must be understood. Besides this, researchers would ideally be able to engineer the system, labelling or mutating its components to test different hypotheses. This is impossible with embryos derived from actual pregnancies (that is, from the fusion of an egg and sperm).\n\nAn alternative was required. Stem cells are a particular type of cell with the potential to divide to produce a range of *different* types of cells. Over the last few years, researchers have managed to steer stem cells to produce the functional units of an entire embryo, and subsequently to develop most of the structural organisation of a real embryo. By 2023 these embryo-like entities, or model embryos, had reached a point which allowed early human embryogenesis to be studied for the first time.[1](/citation/2024-02-ic-1-1/)\n\nGetting to this point required a huge multi-researcher effort over many years. The first challenge was that the stem cells needed to be highly plastic in order to give rise to both the embryonic tissues and the cells around the embryo, such as the yolk sac and placenta. Conventional stem cells are not capable of this, but around 10 years ago,[2](/citation/2024-02-ic-1-2/) we found a way to derive improved stem cells with extended potency which were able to do just that.\n\nSecond, we needed to be able to grow an embryo outside the uterus. We were able to develop this capability using animal models such as the mouse and rabbit. This was in itself a huge breakthrough for the field: such ex utero systems allow you to monitor the same embryo every day with your own eyes, which had never been possible before. This system gives researchers increased control, acces, and ability to observe and manipulate developing embryos.\n\nBut what happens if you take naïve stem cells and put them into the ex utero system? Using mouse cells and genetic engineering, we showed that you can grow embryo models that very closely resemble an 8.5 day-old embryo,[3](/citation/2024-02-ic-1-3/) meaning that they complete gastrulation — the process of making organ progenitors — and start making organs. Using human naïve stem cells turned out to be much easier, requiring no genetic-modification steps to encourage the formation of the different parts of the embryo. As well as being a pleasant surprise for the field, this was an interesting discovery in itself, demonstrating that human naïve stem cells are more plastic than those in mice.\n\nHowever, only about 1 pe cent of human embryo models develop to the standard needed for useful research. Improving this efficiency remains one of the field’s biggest challenges, with optimisation of both the cells and the artificial uterus device required. How cells self-assemble into an embryo is primarily an architectural problem, and reliably replicating this in an artificial system will require advances in biomaterials science, bioengineering, metabolomics and microscopy. Physical constraints provided by the uterus are known to be important but are not well understood, and even the embryo’s own size is critical to development: many processes are directed through signalling molecules which diffuse through the embryo and organise it along different axes. If the embryo is too large, then the molecules may not reach far enough; if it is too short, they will be too concentrated to provide useful information to the cells.\n\nThere are also other fundamental biological questions, thanks to our ignorance of early embryonic development. For example, the placenta is essential to embryonic development in mice, but might not be in humans. As the models are used to try to answer some of these questions, the results in turn can be fed into improving the model system; the result is a positive feedback loop in which we both improve our understanding of human biology and refine our tools for investigating it.\n\nIn parallel to developing model embryo systems, scientists are also slowly building atlases of human embryonic development, collecting all possible data from the rare natural embryos obtained through pregnancy termination. These samples provide anatomical information about the developing embryo and can also provide information about which genes are turned on in its different cell types. Given how precious these samples are, it has become imperative for scientists around the world to deposit their data in shared, openly accessible repositories to maximise their value to research, both for the donor’s sake and for the public who fund this research.\n\nOften when people hear about synthetic embryo models, they assume that researchers are trying to create embryos and replicate the whole course of pregnancy outside the womb. That is not the goal, nor is it actually achievable in any readily foreseeable timeframe. Embryo models are just that, models of structure and function, not viable entities that could become fetuses or babies. So looking ahead to the next 10 to 15 years, the dream would be to be able to take cells from a consenting adult and from these grow embryo models to day 40 with 80 per cent efficiency. Although only around 1 centimetre long, 40-day-old embryos are sufficiently developed for researchers to study the different embryonic structures and how organs originate. By using embryo models which can grow up to the same stage, we can knock out different genes to find out which are important for different processes, such as human liver development. We could also add alcohol, tar from smoke or administer different drugs to see how each affects the development of the embryo models. Using embryonic models from different species, we could compare human development to that of other animals and understand the similarities — and differences — in their mechanisms. This will give us the underlying principles of mammalian development in general, and also help us to understand data from preclinical trials in other species. Ultimately, synthetic embryo technology could be used in clinical trials to develop medical treatments and public health policies.\n\nBeyond the practical limitations of trying to work with real human embryos, there are also a range of associated ethical concerns which can be addressed scientifically using embryo models. Restrictions on working with human and other primate tissues differ from country to country, making different strands of research more or less feasible depending on local guidelines. However, embryo models are still very different from real embryos, and these differences are not likely to disappear soon — they do not have the potential to grow to full-term pregnancy. This is due to both the technical restrictions of working in an artificial uterine system[4](/citation/2024-02-ic-1-4/) and how difficult it is to even encourage the cells to grow to a structured model of a few weeks old. Work is also under way to develop “restricted” stem-cell lines which cannot develop brain or heart tissues, decisively limiting their potential. Even if, in many years’ time, researchers did develop a way to support embryonic development to full term outside the uterus, the application of this technology would first go to supporting pre-term babies which would otherwise not survive, rather than replacing pregnancy to create embryos outside the womb.\n\nGiven the pioneering nature of this field, scientists are actively involved in developing ethical guidelines and policies to guide its future. One recent example is the UK’s publication of a voluntary code of practice,[5](/citation/2024-02-ic-1-5/) commendable for the breadth of expertise and perspectives involved. These guidelines provide good recommendations for the field, but given its fast-paced nature and different cultural considerations around the world, they will need to be interpreted flexibly and updated on a regular basis to take into account the latest research developments. However, development of international guidelines at such an early stage of research into synthetic human-embryo models will bring confidence to those working in the field, facilitate cross-border collaboration to accelerate research discovery, and provide both the transparency and time needed for the field to earn society’s trust and participation in decision-making.\n\nThis is important because there is an acute need for embryo models not just to satisfy our intellectual curiosity, but to improve human health. CMV infections — caused by the herpes virus — are very dangerous during pregnancy, but cannot be studied in mice, as CMV doesn't cross the mouse placenta. Certain brain-developmental disorders in children originate during embryogenesis; without embryo models, they are impossible to investigate and understand. And these are just the beginning; given our radical ignorance about early embryonic development, it is likely that embryo models will allow us to discover other, potentially enormously significant, processes and factors in the earliest and most sensitive stage of pregnancy."},"titleRich":{"id":"66d518c2ff7123e8604dc20a_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"66d518c2ff7123e8604dc20a_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"The human embryo makes all of its organs during the first 40 days of pregnancy. It is during this extremely sensitive period that most pregnancies fail, most developmental defects form and drugs such as alcohol have the most toxic effects. 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Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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