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These magnets permit high-resolution magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI), which has revolutionised medical diagnostics by enabling biological tissues and processes to be visualised and characterised non-invasively with unprecedented clarity and detail. \n\nFurther advances in superconductor technology, such as the development of high-temperature superconductors that can generate higher magnetic fields and enable new magnet configurations with smaller-footprint designs, will bring about significant improvements. These advancements will not only lead to a wider diffusion of MRI as a diagnostic tool due to more accessible and compact systems but also enhance imaging capabilities with higher fields. That in turn will facilitate better understanding, diagnosis and treatments: for example, being able to explore brain function at the cellular level will advance neurological medicine. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy also uses superconducting magnets, in this case for understanding the structure, dynamics and function of complex proteins; this is essential to the development of vaccines and other medical treatments. \n\nSimilarly, in oncology, progress in superconductor technology could expand access to advanced cancer-treatment modalities. For example, conventional radiotherapy relies on X-rays or gamma rays to destroy tumours, but these are difficult to direct precisely. Hadron therapy, by contrast, uses beams of charged particles such as protons or light ions. These can be more easily directed to precisely deliver radiation to cancerous tissues while sparing adjacent healthy tissues, offering patients a more effective and tolerable treatment option. However, making such charged particles currently requires large and unwieldy particle accelerators, which has limited the adoption of hadron therapy despite its proven effectiveness. Ongoing research and development effort aims to leverage advances in superconducting magnet technologies to design more compact, efficient and cost-effective systems, paving the way to hadron therapy becoming a mainstream treatment modality.\n\nSuperconductivity also holds immense potential for sustainable energy solutions in the pursuit of the transition towards a low-carbon future. The fusion of atomic nuclei could produce vast amounts of clean and abundant energy with minimal environmental impact. However, achieving this in a controlled way is a formidable and long-standing scientific and engineering challenge. The industrial maturity of high-temperature superconductors, capable of generating exceptionally strong magnetic fields, has reinvigorated interest and investment in fusion-energy research, with more than $4bn invested in private companies since 2021. According to the 2023 report of the Fusion Industry Association, compact reactors could begin to deliver commercial fusion power as early as the 2030s. \n\nSuperconducting technologies could also transform the efficiency and sustainability of power transmission and distribution systems. Superconducting cables, capable of carrying up to 10 times more power than conventional conductors of the same size, provide a cost-effective and space-efficient means of upgrading existing grid infrastructure to accommodate higher power loads and mitigate the risks of grid congestion and power outages. This capability is particularly relevant in the context of renewable-energy integration, where the intermittent nature of sources such as wind and solar power necessitates robust, efficient and flexible grid systems. In the context of urbanisation and smart-city development, superconductivity has the potential to enhance power-distribution capacity and meet the growing demands of electric mobility and sustainable urban infrastructure. \n\nBy enabling the generation of clean energy, enhancing the efficiency of power transmission and distribution, and supporting advanced smart-grid technologies, superconductors can contribute to the realisation of resilient, efficient and sustainable energy ecosystems that support economic growth, environmental stewardship and social equity. However, superconductor technologies, despite their remarkable promise, present a significant challenge: they operate only at temperatures between -269°C and -196°C, depending on the specific application at hand. This has long been an obstacle to their widespread, large-scale adoption — but now the potential adoption of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier holds promise for facilitating the use of superconductors. Liquid hydrogen also demands cryogenic storage at exceptionally low temperatures (-253°C) to maintain its liquid state. Consequently, the adoption of liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier will drive the widespread development of cryogenic infrastructures that can also be utilised to cool down superconductors. \n\nFor example, in energy transmission networks, hydrogen and electricity could be transported together using liquid-hydrogen-cooled superconducting cables, maximising efficiency and reducing costs. Additionally, as part of initiatives aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the aviation sector, leading aerospace manufacturers are actively exploring the feasibility of integrating superconducting motors into future aircraft designs powered by hydrogen fuel cells. Leveraging the cold source provided by liquid hydrogen fuel, these systems would offer the added benefit of cooling the superconductors at no extra cost.\n\nSuperconductivity could also enable the development of more powerful and lightweight electric motors, with the potential to revolutionise the design and performance of electric aircraft, trains and ships. For example, the conventional permanent magnets used in electric propulsion systems could be substituted with superconducting coils. This would significantly enhance power output while reducing weight and energy consumption, not only improving the efficiency of electric transportation systems but also reducing our dependence on the rare-earth elements currently used. Such elements are sourced from a limited number of countries, posing a substantial risk to the global supply chain. \n\nIn conclusion, the mainstreaming of superconductivity holds immense potential for generating socio-economic benefits and addressing global challenges across diverse domains aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and thus for the realisation of a more equitable, prosperous and sustainable future for all. \n\nHowever, realising this potential requires sustained investments in research and development, supportive policies and strategic collaborations across academia, industry and government to overcome technical, economic and regulatory barriers and unlock the full promise of this remarkable technology. Specifically, investments should be directed towards both basic research and scale-up industrialisation. Basic research is crucial for understanding the fundamental mechanisms and discovering new superconductors, with the dream of reaching room-temperature superconductivity. Concurrently, investments should foster the scaling up and industrialisation of technologies that have been demonstrated. This ensures that the current and potential achievements of superconductors extend well beyond the anticipation of a room-temperature breakthrough, offering tangible solutions to pressing global challenges.\n"},"titleRich":{"id":"66b174a8f08b456169bc1fcb_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"66b174a8f08b456169bc1fcb_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"If you cool certain materials down to a very low temperature, they begin to conduct electricity with zero resistance, meaning that no energy is lost in transmission. 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We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! ","invitationAction":"join the GESDA Radar Website community","setupCompletionMessage":null,"languages":[],"brandColors":[],"showLogin":true,"showShareMenu":null,"showFollowMenu":null,"showPlatformLogin":null,"showContactUs":null,"loginLabel":"Member login","platformLoginLabel":null,"headerButtons":[{"id":"6a8fc65ae69c51827b086a0b","name":"Gesda Public Website link","slug":"gesda-public-website-link","page":null,"label":"Public website","url":"https://www.gesda.global","isDownload":null,"color":null,"icon":null},{"id":"68eda7e8501d12182c0ef374","name":"Ai Modal Button","slug":"ai-modal-button","page":null,"label":"RadarAI","url":null,"isDownload":null,"color":null,"icon":{"id":"6789e346a53c1b39754b99bd","name":"AI Lower Case Icon Glyph","slug":"ai-lower-case-icon-glyph","component":"AiLowerCaseIconGlyph"}}]},"includeProfile":true,"disableProfileEditing":false,"dynamicEntityTypeNames":[],"profilePath":"/app/profile","welcomePath":"/app/welcome","id":"66b174a8f08b456169bc1fcb","slug":"superconductivity","entityPath":"/publications/superconductivity","name":"Superconductivity","openGraph":{"title":null,"date":"2026-09-14T03:13:37.00","description":{"plain":"If you cool certain materials down to a very low temperature, they begin to conduct electricity with zero resistance, meaning that no energy is lost in transmission. This phenomenon — superconductivity — is rooted in quantum mechanics and has far-reaching implications for science, technology and society in sectors such as healthcare, clean energy and transportation. Superconductive materials include alloys and simple intermetallic compounds: those most commonly used are based on niobium, as well as an entire class of ceramic compounds known as high-temperature superconductors, such as yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO). A third group, iron-based superconductors, was discovered more recently. \n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1727843091/gesda-platform/page/superconductivity_thumbnail__IC-Superconductivity_S_jrj8c2.webp","type":"image/webp","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1727843091/gesda-platform/page/superconductivity_thumbnail__IC-Superconductivity_S_jrj8c2.webp"}}}},"entityTypeName":"Page","updated":"2026-09-14T03:13:37.00","__type":"Page"}},
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