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This has grave consequences: \n\n- **Fungi have a staggering impact on human health.** Of an estimated 6 million species of fungi, more than 200 are closely associated with humans. They may live on us harmlessly, form part of our microbiome or, as pathogens, cause infectious and sometimes lethal diseases. These pathogens (including *Candida*, *Aspergillus*, and *Cryptococcus* species) currently infect billions of people worldwide and cause more than 1.5 million deaths per year — on a par with prominent bacterial and protozoan pathogens, such as those that cause tuberculosis and malaria.[1](/citation/2024-3-ic-2-1/)\n\n- **Fungi are a serious threat to global food security.** Crop-destroying fungi have been a threat to humanity since the agricultural revolution. Diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes have led to the starvation of populations, ruination of economies and decimation of landscapes. Such diseases have been increasing in severity since the mid-20th century: emerging fungal diseases now pose an unprecedented threat to global food security and ecosystem health,[2](/citation/2024-3-ic-2-2/) by causing epidemics in staple crops that feed billions and producing toxins that contaminate food supplies and cause cancer. The future will bring new variants of old foes, movement of old adversaries to new areas and entirely new fungal diseases.[3](/citation/2024-3-ic-2-3/) Further, there is alarmingly open scope for fungi and their toxins to be deployed as biological weapons. \n\n- **Fungi cause rapid species extinctions and loss of biodiversity.** It is unlikely that there is a single animal on the planet that has not been parasitised by fungi, and animals are also subject to novel and re-emerging diseases. Several fungal species have recently become notorious for causing emerging infectious diseases which have led to massive die-offs, population declines and, in some cases, species extinctions. For example, *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* (*Bd*) and *B. salamandrivorans* (*Bsal*) cause devastating skin infections in amphibians. *Bd* has contributed to the decline of 6.5 per cent of amphibian species — the greatest documented loss of biodiversity attributable to any one pathogen.[4](/citation/2024-3-ic-2-4/) *Pseudogymnoascus destructans* causes white-nose syndrome, which has killed millions of North American hibernating bats: mortality can exceed 90 per cent. We have historically been concerned about the emergence of novel diseases from wildlife reservoirs, but novel disease also threatens wildlife conservation and ultimately global biodiversity.\n\nThe fundamental challenge in tackling these problems associated with fungi — which is also the fundamental challenge when it comes to harnessing their enormous potential benefits — is to understand the unique facets of their biology that are responsible for their remarkable properties. Currently, science is at an inflection point and uniquely positioned to dramatically accelerate the pace of discovery, thanks to advances in genomics, genetics and the identification of pathogens. However, this acceleration is contingent upon bridging the gaps between research focusing on humans, plants and wildlife. These have traditionally been disparate disciplines, and while there have been seminal discoveries within each, it is now exquisitely clear that an interdisciplinary approach is crucial because solving these challenges is multi-faceted, necessitating a One Health Perspective. We have yet to leverage fundamental discoveries on novel targets required for fungal stress survival to develop a new class of antifungal drug (it has been over 20 years since the last new class was introduced), to develop a vaccine to prevent fungal disease or to develop a resistance-evasive strategy to protect crops from devastating pathogens. That could change if the science focuses on:\n\n- **Understanding the forces driving the emergence, evolution and spread of fungi** including the integration of mathematical models, genetics, genomics and population biology at multiple temporal and spatial scales.\n- \n- **Identifying mechanisms of fungal adaptation and interactions with hosts and other microbes** by understanding microbiomes and interspecies interactions through genomic analysis and other approaches, including novel types of tissue, organoid and animal models.\n\n- **Understanding the evolution of resistance to fungicides and antifungals across the fungal kingdom**,** including field studies to understand where, how and why resistance develops in agricultural fields, composting and in patients.\n- \n- **Developing novel strategies to thwart fungal disease** including** chemical genomics, functional genomics, experimental evolution, small-molecule and natural product screening, and, ultimately, structure-guided drug design. \n\nAddressing these challenges successfully over the next 5 to 10 years could have major implications for the planet. In the context of global health, it is estimated that 1.6 million lives could be saved; in the context of agriculture, sufficient food could be salvaged to support over 8 per cent of the world’s population; and in the context of biodiversity, new treatment and protective strategies could be developed alongside agricultural practices that would minimise crops’ vulnerability to fungal pathogens.\n\nBetter understanding the fungal kingdom would contribute to addressing some of humanity’s and the planet’s grandest challenges. Fungi could solve the world’s plastic crisis by targeted degradation both in the environment and in recycling and treatment plants; better control of fungal pathogens that affect trees would increase the biomass available for the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> and better understanding of the role of fungi in our own bodies could help us tackle widespread and persistent health issues such as autoimmune disorders and gastrointestinal conditions. 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Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is 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tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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