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But as the discipline’s very name suggests, it could and should also focus on the care of health: on improving our levels of “wellness” and extending our “healthspan”, the number of years for which we can expect to enjoy happy and active lives. Some years ago, my colleague Leroy Hood and I conducted the first big studies of thousands of people from the point of view of wellness. We monitored genomes (the set of genetic material that each of us carries), proteomes (all the proteins that the genome encodes) and metabolomes (all the small-molecule chemicals that a person creates). \n\nSince then, similar efforts have arisen elsewhere, such as the [UK Biobank](https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/), the [Emirati Genome Programme](https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/health-and-fitness/research-in-the-field-of-health/the-emirati-genome-programme) in the United Arab Emirates and the [Institute for Healthier Living Abu Dhabi](https://www.ihlad.ae/), where I am an advisor. But right now we don’t have nearly enough data about how health changes across a person’s life — and data is the essential input to AI systems, which could help us to uncover patterns that are crucial to our good health. With these systems, you can do a very different style of data analysis by constructing “digital twins” — digital models of individuals that monitor the person’s health trajectory so that they can receive personalised health programmes.\n\nTo that end, my lab is building something I call the N of 1 Analyzer, “*n*” being the abbreviation in statistics for “sample size” — so the name means that it’s analysing just one person, not the large numbers more typical of scientific studies. The point of the N of 1 Analyzer is to discover how much I can say about an individual’s health and the treatments likely to help them most, based on individual measurements — something that has not been doable to any great extent until now. It will do this by using AI to do “deep reasoning” on the details of what’s going on in a person’s body. \n\nWhat is deep reasoning? Historically, we have used statistics to study biological information or to discover biological markers for disease. With AI, however, we can go further, and exploit everything we know about what we’re measuring, not just the measured data itself. Large language models can interpret our knowledge about what a protein, metabolite or gene does in the body, and this can be combined with the results of statistical analyses of proteomes, metabolomes, epigenomes and genomes. This context-aware data analysis is what I call deep reasoning and unlocks profound new ways of looking at health.\n\nConsider how it changes the way we think about biomarkers, one of the central concepts in modern medicine. As soon as I start looking for a biomarker for a disease, I’ve made a huge assumption: I’ve assumed that the disease always follows a trajectory where the biomarker is involved. But diseases can actually follow a variety of trajectories, and unless these are being monitored, it’s not clear what they look like. With deep reasoning, the large language model has context about disease processes that it draws from countless scientific papers, which it can use to reason about the changes that a particular individual is showing. Result: real personalised medicine. \n\nOr consider gene variants that give you high or low risk for a disease. Let’s take as an example the gene *APOE*, whose variant *APOE4* gives you high risk for Alzheimer’s, whereas *APOE2* gives you low risk. But this difference only manifests in later life — around your late sixties. Then, people with the *APOE4* variant can struggle to remember their children, while those with *APOE2* are fine. Why? My favoured explanation is that it’s because the *APOE* gene ultimately dictates how fast cholesterol is transported out of certain brain cells. If the rate of transport is slow, as it is in people with *APOE4*, your neurons will die when short of oxygen — and your ability to supply oxygen to your brain declines as you get older.[1](/citation/2025-02-ic-1-1/) So now we have a mechanism that explains why *APOE4* matters when you’re older but not when you’re young. \n\nIf that is indeed the mechanism, I can use that information to understand my personal resilience to the threat of Alzheimer’s and to take protective measures. For instance, among people who use saunas four to seven times a week the rate of dementia drops by 65 per cent[2](/citation/2025-02-ic-1-2/) and the rate of cardiovascular disease by 50 per cent.[3](/citation/2025-02-ic-1-3/) The same is true for other conditions. For diabetes, for example, you would want to check three things that are involved in the early stages of the disease: how well your beta cells are working, how well you control glucose levels and where in your body you are depositing fat.\n\nThere are limitations to this digital-twin approach. Any model of a real system is an approximation. We will not be able to be able to represent the full complexity of human biology any time soon: there’s still an incredible amount that is unknown. There’s also a whole philosophical discussion as to the ways in which the analysis amounts to actual “reasoning”. I think it’s not — it’s actually an approximation based on human language — but the salient point is that it provides different, potentially complementary insights to a statistical average.\n\nLooking ahead, there is an opportunity to develop a new kind of science based on data from digital twins. To date, most personalised medicine has catered to the rich, who can afford the extensive physical testing needed to build up personalised data. But there are now comparatively cheap ways to get personalised data. Large language models can set up personalised systems without the need for physical testing, and we can push AI hallucinations in this space to near zero. You can tell the system about yourself — and we can put privacy safeguards in place so that information remains with you and doesn’t go elsewhere — and get advice about, for instance, insomnia: what could help me sleep better? How important is it? Should I worry about it? Or, my grandpa suffered from Alzheimer’s: should I worry about that? \n\nA good next step might be to focus on densely phenotyping a million people — that is, recording their detailed individual characteristics — and taking measurements every few months so that we can understand the trajectories of diseases. Over the next year or so my group will be working with various groups at that scale, although not yet gathering all the deep, longitudinal information that’s theoretically available. But that can still be valuable. Under a project called Personalized Analytics for Transforming Health Care (PATH) from the US Advanced Research Project Agency for Health, monitoring people with diabetes has revealed that there are maybe three dominant paths in there. That’s a fundamental and significant feature that we didn’t understand before. \n\nMaking that knowledge more widely useable need not be expensive: perhaps using home testing kits based around disposable paper-based devices and mobile phones. Some biomarkers may correlate reliably with a feature that can be measured by phone — a measurement or statistical analysis of features on a face, say. As people become used to such tracking, and more appreciative of its value, they will derive more and more benefit from it — and so will researchers, since that means they will have access to the long-term datasets needed to take the next leap with healthcare AI systems. \n\nA decade from now, we can anticipate that on the one hand there will be huge amounts of data streaming in from people taking charge of their own wellness, and on the other huge amounts of information about fundamental processes and mechanisms unearthed by automated experimental systems. Governments should understand these opportunities, because few other entities have the funding and staying power that it will take to do this work. Already the UK, the United Arab Emirates, China and, to a limited degree, the US are putting money into this area. There’s a race on right now, an important one, to develop tools to realise the potential in a big way — and ensure that healthcare really does come to mean taking care of health."},"titleRich":{"id":"68b644667312fb6a6bc1a5d1_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"68b644667312fb6a6bc1a5d1_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"Nathan Price, Professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, California, and Co-Director of its Center for Human Healthspan, and co-author of The Age of Scientific Wellness: Why the future of medicine is personalized, predictive, data-rich, and in your hands\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1756775448/gesda-platform/banner/digital-twins-2025_image__TR-2.IC.1_Digital_Twins_pdoagn.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"large":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,h_512/v1756775448/gesda-platform/banner/digital-twins-2025_image__TR-2.IC.1_Digital_Twins_pdoagn.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,h_1024/v1756775448/gesda-platform/banner/digital-twins-2025_image__TR-2.IC.1_Digital_Twins_pdoagn.webp"}}}},"parent":{"id":"6a9362ba34307dba8bf55024","name":"Publications","path":"/publications"},"typeLabel":"Invited Contribution","type":{"name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution"},"types":[{"name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution"}],"intro":{"text":"**Nathan Price**, Professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, California, and Co-Director of its Center for Human Healthspan, and co-author of [*The Age of Scientific Wellness: Why the future of medicine is personalized, predictive, data-rich, and in your hands*](https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Age_of_Scientific_Wellness/HmivEAAAQBAJ?hl=en)"},"orderNumber":null,"files":[],"family":[{"id":"68b644667312fb6a6bc1a5d1","name":"Digital Twins","slug":"digital-twins","path":"/publications/digital-twins","subtitle":null}],"moderators":[],"authors":[{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"6891beb87139278031820b73","name":"Nathan Price","slug":"nathan-price","position":"Co-director of the Center for Human Healthspan / Professor ","path":"/people/nathan-price","photo":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/person/nathan-price_photo__Nathan_Price_ba8vao","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1754381993/gesda-platform/person/nathan-price_photo__Nathan_Price_ba8vao.png","url2x":null},"organisation":{"id":"689207fc7139278031821830","name":"Buck Institute for Research on Aging ","slug":"buck-institute-for-research-on-aging"}}],"people":[],"layout":{"id":"65c55d189e947c438698b059","name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution","component":"PageLayoutInvitedContribution"},"videos":[],"trend":{"id":"65c55d5c9e947c438698b86b","name":"Augmenting Human Potential","slug":"augmenting-human-potential","path":"/trends/augmenting-human-potential","outlineNumber":"2","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"}},"connectedTrends":[],"connectedTopics":[],"connectedSubTopics":[],"topics":[],"events":[],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-ic-1-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.630502","name":"APOE and Alzheimer’s disease: from lipid transport to physiopathology and therapeutics","authors":[{"id":"691a7910c0043bba84a9e219","name":"M. 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tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-10-02T06:38:25.64","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA Radar and thanks for joining us! 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