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Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) feared that this activity would be led by wealthy industrialised nations which more easily develop the technological capacity to conduct these activities, “making the rich richer and the poor poorer” in the words of Arvid Pardo, then Malta’s ambassador to the UN. This debate, in which Pardo played a key role, resulted in a fundamentally permissive legal regime for deep-sea mining, included in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – also referred to as the “constitution for the ocean”. \n\nThis was one of the first attempts to create a truly fair and just regime for a global common, namely the mineral resources of the deep seabed and the seabed as such, deep-sea mining, based on benefit- and technology-sharing. However, terrestrial resources turned not to be running out after all, so the issue lay dormant for several decades. Now, however, it is back at the centre of the international agenda. Demand for raw materials such as lithium, cobalt and other resources required for wind turbines, solar panels and other renewable energy infrastructure essential for the green energy transition, is rising fast. Three classes of deep-sea deposits – polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts – have attracted particular commercial interest due to their enrichment in metals such as nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium and the rare earth elements needed for lithium-ion batteries. However, many anticipate that mining for these deposits poses such large environmental risks as to throw into question whether it should be allowed at all.\n\nCrucially, we do not have a robust factual basis for the environmental risks of deep seabed mining. After all, many renewable energy technologies have environmental impacts. For example, the erection of offshore wind turbines damages the habitats of otherwise highly protected species such as harbour porpoises and seals. Terrestrial mining for key metals and minerals can itself cause serious environmental degradation and social injustices. We accept these downsides because we believe the benefits are greater. However, scientists predict that the effects of deep seabed mining activities today will have repercussions for thousands of years in the future — possibly even longer, since polymetallic nodules take 1 million years to form, putting associated ecosystems at significant risk of extinction.<sup>1</sup> Identifying an acceptable level of environmental risk, or indeed whether there *is* any acceptable level, is the single biggest challenge of this debate.\n\nTo meet this challenge, we need more research into the environmental effects of deep seabed mining. There are three broad areas that require investigation. First, we need to understand the effects of mining on the relationship between deep seabed fauna and the polymetallic nodules on which they rely. These species have extremely long lifecycles, and don’t easily recover from disturbance. Second, we need to investigate the effect of the changing column of water on the organisms that live on or just beneath the sea floor, and understand their role within the overall climate system. Third, we need to understand how effectively the areas surrounding mining sites can be protected, and how much damage might be done by (for example) the plumes arising from the mining. Is it possible to localise the effect of mining activities, or not? \n\nA few years ago, it seemed that deep-sea mining was an inevitability. However, an increasing number of state and corporate actors have more recently declared their opposition. In 2020/21, French President Macron publicly argued in favour of a complete moratorium on deep seabed mining. Other countries, including Germany, Australia and New Zealand, have called for a “precautionary pause” to allow time for further research on the environmental impacts of mining on deep seabed ecosystems to take place. Some companies have also publicly said they will not (yet) use commodities sourced from the ocean, notably including the auto manufacturers Renault, Volvo, BMW and Volkswagen. \n\nSo far, the states that advocate for a precautionary pause and a moratorium seem to be a minority – albeit a growing minority, heavily influenced by NGOs and supported by an increasing number of businesses. It may be that in time a consensus develops that deep-sea mining activity should be significantly constrained or even banned. But as things stand, the International Seabed Authority is called upon to finalise its regulations for deep-sea mining exploitation due to a “two-years-rule” activated by Nauru in 2021. If the exploitation regulations are not agreed upon this summer, the International Seabed Authority must make a decision on the application of Nauru – and potentially also of other States – based on preliminary materials and the terms of the law as it stands. What exactly this standard implies is a matter of considerable legal uncertainty.\n\nThis deadline was activated in July 2021 by the Republic of Nauru, and expired in July 2023. Intense discussions led the council of the International Seabed Authority to adopt a decision on a timeline following the expiration of the two-year period, with a commitment to full discussion of marine environmental protection in 2024 and a view to adopting the exploitation regulations in 2025. This outcome was hailed by opponents of deep-sea mining, who welcome it as an opportunity to put an end to the proposals once and for all – but it remains unclear what will happen if further applications are made.\n\nSeparately, international negotiations completed in March 2023 also resulted in the formal adoption – on 19 June 2023 – of an agreement on sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This so-called BBNJ agreement, sometimes called the “High Seas Treaty”, will also be of potential relevance to deep seabed mining as it establishes a minimum standard for conducting environmental impact assessments. It cannot be excluded that this standard will, again, impact the discussions about the environmental standards to be included in the final version of the exploitation regulations of the International Seabed Authority.\n\nIt is conceivable that Nauru, or any other state, could choose to go it alone. Once the precedent has been set, others might join it. However, the likelihood of this scenario is arguably minimal, due to widespread acceptance of the framework established by the UN Convention — even by states that have not become party to it, such as the USA. This is a rare example of consensus within international politics; for the moment the debate continues to be conducted within the relevant multilateral fora. The most relevant — and controversial — issue is the question of the specific environmental standards to be included in the ISA exploitation regulations. Furthermore, a debate has evolved around the question on how to prevent the coming into existence of ‘sponsoring States of convenience’, which may be attracted by revenues to accept to sponsor companies from industrialised States without sufficiently caring about the environmental and social standards applied by such companies.\n\nUltimately, there may not be a single yes or no answer when it comes to deep-sea mining, but rather a multi-level process leading to the formation of a rigid and precautionary legislative basis for such activities. We should accept that the marine environment must be protected, but we might at the same time be forced to accept that deep-sea mining of certain minerals, or in certain areas, may turn out to be unavoidable to fend off the worst of climate change. Thus, we should seek a balanced approach to deep-sea mining, with regulation based on as much well-informed science as possible. Ideally, we would use the years to come to conduct an intensive research programme before embarking on any deep-sea mining activities. We should also fully consider the potential for alternatives, such as greater utilisation of terrestrial mining.\n\nIn conclusion, we depend on a multifaceted strategy which reluctantly accepts that difficult decisions may need to be taken over deep-sea mining. A potential broader outcome is that – where unavoidable and complementary approaches are not possible – a balance between remediation of the climate and protection of the marine environment needs to be found. We need to inform these decision-making processes to the greatest extent possible by advocating for better scientific evidence, making decision on the basis of that evidence, and negotiating internationally in good faith.\n\n<sup>1</sup> Craig R. 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Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! 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