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To this end, we examine the impacts of the AI revolution on two types of creators — scientific authors and AI users who deploy their creativity to generate AI outputs — to better anticipate the future of creativity and innovation.\n\nFirst, scientific authors. The published works of scientists (along with literary and artistic productions) are routinely used to train large language models (LLMs) and other generative-AI models. Attribution is possible and is typical of agentic AI (systems that can make decisions without human intervention) carrying out “deep research” or “reasoning.” These AI outputs are more likely to attribute content to the scientific sources used to produce that content. However, in many other circumstances, outputs do not include attributions to sources by default, even if scientific sources were used to train the model. If the source remains invisible and no attribution is made, citations vanish. This has a double significance: citations are both an engine of scientific enterprise and a currency for scientists.\n\nAttribution is an engine of science as a cumulative endeavour. Knowledge builds on previous work. Proper attribution allows researchers to position their work within the existing scientific landscape, demonstrating how their findings build upon, challenge or synthesise previous discoveries. This intellectual lineage is vital for the progress and validation of scientific knowledge. Attribution is also a *currency* in science. A strong record of both giving and receiving appropriate attribution enhances a scientist's standing among peers, and it is a pathway to career advancement, funding and collaboration opportunities. If this incentive is removed, science as a profession will be transformed. \n\nLooking into the future, this trajectory seems unsustainable without a change to how AI platforms digest scientific creativity and the ways in which science produces knowledge. A legal proposal is to establish a duty of AI developers to generate algorithms capable of tracing scientific sources. Attribution and integrity functionalities must be developed or activated. Use of scientific sources to train LLMs must be made conditional upon the LLM’s capacity for attribution. Note that the basis for this duty is not to respect copyright (which is disputed and currently litigated), but to ensure credit for authorship and respect the moral rights of creators.\n\nSecond, we come to AI users, who also have moral rights whose forms are not yet obvious. AI has already impacted how human creativity is understood, and the act of using AI to generate an output is in itself creative. But to what extent do AI users create content if the creative process is partly outsourced to AI? While a complete assessment of AI's impact on scientific and technical creativity may be necessary, we know that we are just at the beginning of this trajectory. LLMs are a first-generation technology, with AI anticipated to move to symbolic AI and neuro-inspired AI, probably triggering new forms of human creativity. \n\nAnticipating these new forms requires making them legally visible so that the moral rights of authors are recognised. As we enter an age of AI-embedded creativity, two aspects of human creativity become more relevant in analysing the moral rights of creators. The first relates to authorship and the power of the prompt; the second, to potential novel ways to construct (build, assemble and present) scholarship. \n\nAI outputs depend not only on the AI model deployed but also on the human input interrogating the model. Prompts are undoubtedly critical to activating the creative tasks that generate novel outputs using LLMs. However, prompts in the AI-sphere require new forms of “intellectual labour” to be effective. The problem is well explored by Sebastian Porsdam Mann and colleagues:\n\n>Although the use of an LLM should not fundamentally change the criteria for what constitutes a substantial contribution, we argue that it introduces new forms of intellectual labour, such as prompt engineering, knowledge embeddings, model fine-tuning, and data and output curation, that need to be evaluated alongside more traditional forms of contribution.\n\nThe anticipatory challenge is recognising these new forms of intellectual labour in a way that entitles creators to claim authorship.\n\nThe power of prompts can also be used to craft scientific outputs tailored to the user. Publications can be made available by an AI platform in a way that can be customised to the reader’s preferences and expertise. Stephen Witt, author of *The Thinking Machine*, suggests that the future of the (non-fiction) book may evolve into “something more like a knowledge database” that a reader can choose to retrieve in different formats by prompt. This could also apply to forms of scholarship other than books. In this scenario, the author has the power to assemble scholarship as a knowledge database creatively. Here, too, the issue of recognition of this “intellectual labour” must be anticipated.\n\nThese new and potentially empowering possibilities come with downsides. Such gains in creativity might come at the price of disengagement and dissatisfaction with the use of a tool that may hide some of the intellectual labour that goes into its workings. AI also creates the risk of rewarding or empowering only a *particular kind* of creativity. While the training materials for LLMs are a vast and complex ecosystem of text and increasing multimodal data sourced from across the internet, books, academic publications, and other digital repositories, biases remain. An obvious example is the preference for AI inputs in English. Heavy reliance on English data (more than 90% of the training tokens of GPT-3 are English) can lead to an “English-centrism” in AI models, thus supporting or “rewarding” English-speaking creators. This raises human rights issues of equal participation and access in the development of AI. From an anticipation perspective, privileging English in AI development may result in a narrower appreciation of expertise and knowledge. Cultivating diverse viewpoints seems to be a preferable path to address the growing complexity of the world.\n\nDisempowerment may also result from AI substituting or replacing existing forms of creativity. This is already evident with AI tools that generate images, logos, stories, etc. This has the effect of devaluing forms of creativity valued in the past but susceptible to being supplanted by AI. The concept of cultural heritage can help preserve creators' human rights. One exciting avenue for tackling these problems lies in blockchain technologies, which can act as a tamper-proof record of ownership for digital assets. As Sarah Kenderdine wrote in the 2022 GESDA Breakthrough Radar:\n\n*Distributed digital ledger tokens (DLTs) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), in particular, have emerged as a way to assert rights over digital art and culture. These technologies could open the door to new, more inclusive models of ownership, in which the rights and control of creative artefacts can be shared among many people simultaneously, or entire communities. Smart contracts embedded in the blockchain could encode how these digital assets can be used and by whom.”*\n\nHuman creativity is at the core of scientific progress. AI tools have already cracked some of the basic operations of knowledge production in science. While the genie is out of the bottle, the path to the future can yet be written in a way that aligns with the moral rights of scientific authors and AI users. The development of more powerful, better-trained AI tools can yield benefits for society. However, the moral and material rights of creators, and everyone’s right to scientific and technological advancements, must be integrated and aligned. To anticipate means to examine how this technology should evolve, as well as how human (particularly scientific) creativity can be re-imagined. There is an opportunity to develop a clearer and more cohesive understanding of human rights standards for innovation. It is time to form a new “Pact for Science” to fully recognise the promise of AI and align it with the recognition of human creativity and dignity.\n"},"titleRich":{"id":"68afebc81dec39db691bd9e3_titleRich","text":""},"subtitleRich":{"id":"68afebc81dec39db691bd9e3_subtitleRich","text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"Creativity is at the core of innovation. It infuses scientific and technological progress, along with hard work, an abundance of failure punctuated by occasional success, and a good provision of luck. To support innovation, creators’ moral and material rights have been generally recognised in law since the 1886 adoption of the Berne Convention and subsequently enshrined in international human-rights law under article 27.2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. So, too, has the freedom of scientific and creative pursuit been recognised, under article 27.1.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1756359179/gesda-platform/banner/creators-rights-in-the-digital-age-2025_image__TR-1.IC.3_Creator_s_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age_qglbrf.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"large":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,h_512/v1756359179/gesda-platform/banner/creators-rights-in-the-digital-age-2025_image__TR-1.IC.3_Creator_s_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age_qglbrf.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,h_1024/v1756359179/gesda-platform/banner/creators-rights-in-the-digital-age-2025_image__TR-1.IC.3_Creator_s_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age_qglbrf.webp"}}}},"parent":{"id":"6a9362ba34307dba8bf55024","name":"Publications","path":"/publications"},"typeLabel":"Invited Contribution","type":{"name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution"},"types":[{"name":"Invited Contribution","slug":"invited-contribution"}],"intro":{"text":"Creativity is at the core of innovation. 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Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! ","invitationAction":"join the GESDA Radar Website community","setupCompletionMessage":null,"languages":[],"brandColors":[],"showLogin":true,"showShareMenu":null,"showFollowMenu":null,"showPlatformLogin":null,"showContactUs":null,"loginLabel":"Member login","platformLoginLabel":null,"headerButtons":[{"id":"6a8fc65ae69c51827b086a0b","name":"Gesda Public Website link","slug":"gesda-public-website-link","page":null,"label":"Public website","url":"https://www.gesda.global","isDownload":null,"color":null,"icon":null},{"id":"68eda7e8501d12182c0ef374","name":"Ai Modal Button","slug":"ai-modal-button","page":null,"label":"RadarAI","url":null,"isDownload":null,"color":null,"icon":{"id":"6789e346a53c1b39754b99bd","name":"AI Lower Case Icon Glyph","slug":"ai-lower-case-icon-glyph","component":"AiLowerCaseIconGlyph"}}]},"includeProfile":true,"disableProfileEditing":false,"dynamicEntityTypeNames":[],"profilePath":"/app/profile","welcomePath":"/app/welcome","id":"68afebc81dec39db691bd9e3","slug":"creators-rights-in-the-digital-age","entityPath":"/publications/creators-rights-in-the-digital-age","name":"Creators' Rights in the Digital Age","openGraph":{"title":null,"date":"2026-09-22T04:24:18.41","description":{"plain":"Creativity is at the core of innovation. 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So, too, has the freedom of scientific and creative pursuit been recognised, under article 27.1.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1756359179/gesda-platform/banner/creators-rights-in-the-digital-age-2025_image__TR-1.IC.3_Creator_s_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age_qglbrf.webp","type":"image/webp","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1756359179/gesda-platform/banner/creators-rights-in-the-digital-age-2025_image__TR-1.IC.3_Creator_s_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age_qglbrf.webp"}}}},"entityTypeName":"Page","updated":"2026-09-22T04:24:18.41","__type":"Page"}},
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