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Despite this, it is often claimed that they are not “cognitive” in an interesting way because they only respond to inputs and are restricted to language. That is to say, they do not “think for themselves” and have no conception of the world beyond its representation in text. As a result, they struggle with many forms of reasoning, do not understand causality and are prone to generating erroneous outputs (or “hallucinations”). However, the current AI landscape is rich with sophisticated techniques for improving these models, and enhancements are arriving monthly. We should expect these shortcomings to be mitigated by such advances, particularly when informed by studies of biological cognition.\n\nDespite the apparent differences between artificial and real neural networks — including very different “neurons”, very different connection patterns and very different learning methods — there have also been shown to be strong correlations between artificial networks and how human brains function. For example, in the realm of visual processing, MIT’s Chengxu Zhuang and colleagues trained a neural network with data gathered from children’s head-mounted cameras and found that the representations it learned resembled those found in the primate ventral visual stream — a pathway critical for object recognition and visual identification.[2](/citation/2024-1-ic-2-2/) More recently, LLMs have also been shown to have some alignment with brain activity in language-processing areas in humans.[3](/citation/2024-1-ic-2-3/)\n\nNevertheless, there are many aspects of biological cognition that have not been addressed by the work in deep learning. The dynamic, continuous and interactive nature of biological systems can be particularly challenging for current deep-learning methods to capture. As a result, large-scale brain models are also crucial for understanding how various elements of the human brain coordinate to produce the general, dynamic and adaptive intelligence exhibited by humans. Such models — like Spaun, built in my lab,[4](/citation/2024-1-ic-2-4/) or some of the work done under the aegis of the Human Brain Project[5](/citation/2024-1-ic-2-5/) — consist of large numbers of simulated neurons, organised in ways similar to neurons found in the brain. \n\nA particular strength of our Spaun model is that it captures high-level behaviour by modelling many components of the brain and organising them in a manner that allows us to investigate how the brain coordinates its parts to solve cognitive tasks dynamically. The latest version of our model, from 2018, has about 6 million neurons and 20 billion connections, and is able to perform tasks including object recognition, copying visual inputs using a muscle-controlled arm, following instructions and solving key elements of a test of fluid intelligence. Building this large, dynamic model has taught us how the brain might exploit the chaotic dynamics of neural activity to solve cognitive problems and provides insights into the neural implementation of cognitive functions ranging from working memory and learning to decision-making and linguistic representation.\n\nWhat does the future of artificial-cognition research hold in this context of LLMs and large-scale functional brain models? Over the next five years, I fully expect LLMs and their extensions to easily pass the Turing Test, which some take to be a requirement for achieving artificial cognition. The key to transcending the current limitations of LLMs probably lies in an integrated approach, extending the modalities to which LLMs can be applied and combining them with techniques used to build large brain models to better capture the dynamics of reasoning and online adaptability. However, others believe that true artificial cognition will only be achieved when we move beyond the limited text interface of the Turing Test.\n\nBeyond this five-year time frame, I expect the integration of these approaches to continue to deepen, resulting in more powerful models that interact on their own with the physical world. Consider how the role of coordinating structures in Spaun could be used to integrate deep neural networks that are function-specific into a larger model. In the brain, this role is played by the basal ganglia — a subcortical  structure that is implicated in selecting which actions to perform. Structures like these may be instrumental in harmonising disparate cognitive functions such as vision, motor control, reasoning and language. For instance, imagine that I see a restaurant, determine if I’m hungry and have a method of payment, walk over to the restaurant, navigate my way inside and read the menu. To perform such cognitive tasks, information flow between various brain functions must be controlled and results evaluated to determine the best course of action — exactly the role played by Spaun’s “basal ganglia”. These capabilities also depend on a self-evaluating and self-correcting system, akin to the human capacity for introspection and error correction. Such a system could potentially eclipse current models in detecting and correcting cognitive errors and do so while being embedded in the physical world.\n\nThe evolution of artificial cognition is likely to be driven by the need for systems like this — systems that can handle increasingly complex tasks and make difficult decisions under uncertainty. These would be expected to learn and adapt continuously, refining their algorithms through experiences much as humans do through learning and memory consolidation. The incorporation of social intelligence and an understanding of human values would also become crucial as artificial cognitive systems become more intertwined with societal structures and daily life. The foundations of such behaviour lie in our biology and may require a deep understanding of emotional processing and related environmental interactions. Continuing to integrate technical and biological approaches to cognition will be essential to expanding the capabilities of artificial agents. This progression could lead to models that not only replicate human thought processes but also develop novel ways of solving problems and interacting with others, potentially outpacing the human intellect in their ability to do so.\n\nAs we steer toward this new epoch, the ethical implications of creating entities with cognitive capabilities comparable with or exceeding those of humans will have to be addressed. Questions surrounding the autonomy of artificial cognitive systems, their rights and the legal frameworks governing their interactions with humans and the environment will become paramount. Furthermore, the societal impacts of such advancements could be vast, influencing every sector from healthcare to education, and from defence to policy-making. The economic landscape would also undergo a transformation, as certain jobs performed by humans become redundant, necessitating a reimagining of work, purpose and economic distribution. \n\nAs we venture into the next 25 years, AI is poised to evolve in ways that will profoundly affect every aspect of human life. The development of artificial cognition, once no more than science fiction, is fast becoming a tangible reality. The convergence of computational power, rich datasets, an improved understanding of the mechanisms of biological cognition and sophisticated optimisation methods has set the stage for systems with cognitive capacities that challenge our traditional understanding of intelligence.\n\nThe pursuit of artificial cognition represents a pinnacle of human technological aspiration, encapsulating our relentless quest for knowledge and mastery over our environment. 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These systems have demonstrated the ability to respond to complex natural-language prompts with informative answers and perform a wide variety of cognitive tasks on par with humans.[1](/citation/2024-1-ic-2-1/) Oftentimes their abilities have surprised many of us and even significantly exceeded the expectations of their creators. 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Policy","title":null,"slug":"privacy-policy","path":"/privacy-policy"},"summary":{"text":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\n\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\n\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\n\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-09-16T00:16:49.08","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! 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