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This meeting, held in spring 2024, brought together researchers from 15 disciplines to discuss novel scenarios and anticipate trends arising from proliferating global connectivity, rapid changes in environmental contexts and human circumstances, and accelerating technological innovation. \nA spotlight on anticipated breakthroughs at the interface of sleep and longevity research. This report is just one of the outputs of a high-level meeting convened in Singapore in March by GESDA, the ETH Singapore Centre and the National University of Singapore. \nThe three GESDA Lenses on Science, Philosophy and Geopolitics.\n\n\n\nThe Science Lens offers a unique insight into the future of research in science and technology. The landscape for this activity is changing rapidly as national priorities shift the context in which science operates. Research ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to change, with scientists ill-equipped for working in the transdisciplinary collaborations that are becoming a necessary part of addressing complex global challenges. New, robust and resilient ecosystems must be created if the practice of science and technology research is to take the strategic opportunities for transformation that could make it a vibrant tool that serves diverse global communities and makes scientific benefits accessible to all.\n\n\nThe Philosophy Lens summarises the exploration by leading philosophers at GESDA’s third Anticipation Workshop of issues arising from the complex phenomenon of Planetarised Humanity. Current and anticipated trends in science and technology will inevitably transform what it means to be human, how we can live together as societies and how we can sustain our planet for all life forms. Since humans are fundamentally linguistic creatures, subtle changes in our words and concepts will significantly influence how we define ourselves as we build our future world. Building peaceful societies will depend on maintaining shared language to foster positive co-existence between humans, non-human intelligences and the natural environment on a global scale. Moving beyond technical fixes to rethink core ideas underlying our Planetarised Humanity condition — about progress, nature and well-being — may offer the most fruitful path forward for developing inclusive, global solutions to ensure a sustainable future.\n\n\nThe Geopolitics Lens provides an in-depth analysis of the future of scientific research in a geopolitical context. Now a core currency in international affairs, science and technology are both shaping and shaped by geopolitics. There is power in being able to shape, control and deploy global research agendas, and expertise has become a strategic asset. What’s more, there are many more areas of strategic interest than ever before, including fields such as AI, biotechnology and space. This report highlights the challenges this situation creates for science and technology research, and — maybe most importantly — for its governance.\nHighlights of the 2025 GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar\nArtificial Intelligence\n\n\nBreakthroughs in AI over the past five years have been particularly revolutionary for business and education, but it currently dominates global discourse in almost every area of human endeavour, from science to art and from economics to philosophy. Given the unprecedented pace and erratic course of change, it is extraordinarily difficult to know what’s coming next, save to say that it is unlikely to be a smooth continuation of current trajectories. The problem of prediction is compounded by the growing consensus that new approaches to building AI systems will be required to significantly improve performance and achieve adaptable, efficient and trustworthy AI platforms that can be deployed broadly across society. \nResearch continues to explore how, for example, the biology of the brain could provide inspiration for more data-efficient learning approaches. Conversely, AI could provide us with new approaches to scientific discovery. However, the application of AI to science requires careful consideration, supervision and validation: in particular, it requires rich data to function and can end up wasting resources by going down avenues that human scientists would instinctively identify as dead ends. It can also readily come up with plausible explanations for phenomena that turn out to have no basis in reality. These are artefacts of the way today’s AI works: they find and exploit correlations within datasets but have no “common sense” appreciation of causal relationships. Building AI that has a concept of the world within which it exists (that is, a “world model”) could significantly improve its capabilities, as could endowing it with an understanding of causality. \nHowever, even without such a radical overhaul, there is already enough latent power in our AI systems to cause significant further disruption to many of society’s systems and infrastructures, and it is vital that researchers, businesses, regulators and policy-makers work together to ensure that the benefits of AI reach as wide a swathe of humanity as possible — while limiting its negative impacts. AI is already outperforming humans in a widening range of tasks.\nCognitive Enhancement\n\n\nThe workings of the human brain present one of the greatest mysteries in the entire cosmos. But after millennia of “blunt instrument” approaches to investigating the brain — relatively crude surgical or pharmaceutical interventions — we are in a time of radical innovation which should help to shed light on how our minds work. We can use silicon-based technologies, photons of light or chemical stimuli to stimulate neural activity, alter brain states and achieve therapeutic effects — some of which are truly life-changing.\nFor researchers in the field, these and other developments promise rapid advances in our understanding of the processes underlying thought, memory and action. For example, AI can be used to analyse huge datasets of neural signals, turn brain activity into images and speech, and thus provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of cognition. Future developments could lead to insights about how neurons — more specifically, networks of neurons, since cognitive processes appear to be dynamic and distributed — encode information and how their signals instigate or affect thought, impulse, action and mood. Brain-computer interfaces are available in many forms. Some allow artificial systems to read and write brain signals, opening up the possibility of learning to interpret and synthesise brain signals.\nThat means these technologies have profound real-world applications, too. Read-outs from deep-brain implants can already turn an unexpressed intention or desire to move a limb into a digital command that can initiate the action. The implication for those with paralysis or other neural restrictions is clear: technology is making it possible to bypass irreparably damaged neurological systems. Equally exciting is the potential to perform “exogenous cognition”, where mental tasks are offloaded to external processors. This is already happening to a limited extent, but future developments could significantly augment our memories, decision-making and learning. \nEngineering Human Biology\n\n\nAs synthetic human genomes, miniature human organs grown in a lab and replicas of human embryos have started to become part of today’s reality, we can look forward to the considerable benefits for human health and well-being that our vast and multifaceted ability to re-engineer human biology promises. Cancer, cardiovascular disease, fertility roadblocks and immune-system disorders are just some of the possible targets of this research. Emerging technologies such as AI, tissue engineering and genome editing are converging to make a tangible difference to the way we manage human biology.\nReprogramming cells and tissues, for example, promises a means of reversing age-related loss of function, of making cancer cells a target for the immune system and even of growing new tissues and organs to order. The thriving field of “organoids” — lab-grown mini-organs — is heading towards growing replica kidneys or bone marrow for transplant. There are even “mini-brains”, grown in culture, that promise to help elucidate the pathways associated with dementia.\nAll these developments, however, cast ethical, legal and regulatory shadows over our current governance frameworks, and it will be essential that they are properly accompanied by the fields of philosophy and ethics in parallel to legislative developments. A quarter of a century ago, researchers began liaising with policy-makers, regulators and the media to prepare the ground for babies who would have three “parents”, one being a donor who would ensure the child was born free of lethal mitochondrial diseases. Those babies were finally born this year through the research conducted by scientists contributing to the GESDA Radar. Now a similar effort must begin for the many transformative advances in engineering human biology that will come over the next quarter of a century.\nEcology\n\n\nThere can hardly be a more pressing issue facing humanity than our ecological challenges. Shifts in climate are resulting in changes to all Earth’s ecosystems and even the creation of new ones, as populations of various species are forced to share habitats in unprecedented ways. Such scenarios only increase the likelihood of new human pandemics, caused by mutations in animal-borne viruses and other pathogens. This is made even more likely by the fact that humans are themselves introducing new species to regions where they did not previously exist, whether accidentally or purposefully. As a consequence, ecologists are seeing many groups of organisms undergoing rapid evolution in response to human activity.\nHowever, researchers are also pioneering a slew of exciting innovations that have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of ecology. New genetic-analysis tools, cutting-edge chemical sensors, satellite monitoring and underwater acoustic probes are just some of the technologies gathering data that can inform modelling, planning and action. Furthermore, greater appreciation of the value of Indigenous and local knowledge is opening up opportunities to gain new insights into ecological processes. \nChallenges remain, of course. One is making the most of scientific advances that seek to modify biological organisms to control disease while avoiding undesirable outcomes. Another is creating ecological tools that factor in hard-to-model phenomena such as tipping points that can lead to irreversible, runaway climate change and multi-scale, multisystem effects such as those produced by mass human migration or economic, social and political changes.\nPathogen Biology\n\n\nMany lessons have been learned from humanity’s experience with COVID-19. However, there is still much to do to prepare us for the next pandemic, as experts agree it is a case of “when”, not “if”. \nOur collective response to COVID-19 didn’t just help us overcome the virus: it helped us develop crucial infrastructure for the logistics of healthcare delivery, as well as a suite of tools, such as mRNA vaccines, that will be vital to treating a broad range of diseases and conditions. Other emerging tools — rapid genome sequencing, immunological profiling, phage therapy, surveillance technologies and AI — will help us monitor, prevent or contain future outbreaks of disease. \nFurther threats from viruses, bacteria and other pathogens such as fungi remain very much on the radar of a large group of researchers. AI is proving particularly useful, helping to characterise molecules that are key to the infectivity of pathogens and to analyse genomic data that sheds light on the likely outcomes of infection. It is vital for global health, though, that the benefits of these breakthroughs are felt far beyond the borders of the rich countries that can afford to carry out such cutting-edge research — especially as much of the raw data comes from lower- and middle-income countries. The most effective approach to building global resistance to pathogens will be decentralised, based on a blend of formal and informal health intelligence and built on mutual trust and partnership across nations and regions.\nThe Geopolitics of Science and Technology\n\n\nFor most of the 20th century, only a few specific scientific fields or technological capabilities were considered to be of direct military value, such as nuclear physics and the ability to enrich nuclear material. Today, a much broader range of scientific knowledge and technological capabilities, from general-purpose AI to quantum technologies and synthetic biology, are seen as strategic assets to be guarded, leveraged or denied. The ability to shape, control and deploy advanced technologies is a key factor of global relevance, competitiveness and influence. As a result, states are adopting measures such as export restrictions on semiconductor technology or computer chips, tight control over data pipelines and restrictions on the flow of knowledge and expertise across borders. \nWeaponising the tools and resources of science and technology has significant knock-on effects for those in the knowledge-creation sectors. Scientific progress was once driven by international collaboration: now suspicion and strategic competition threaten to silo knowledge and capacity. There are growing restrictions on recruitment from abroad, and working in cross-border partnerships is becoming far more difficult, particularly in sensitive domains like AI, quantum computing and biotechnology. \nThis changing research climate is causing governments to innovate in their approaches to science, technology and related industries — striving to reduce their vulnerability to chokepoints. China, Brazil and India have all implemented new strategic programmes designed to mitigate the effects of export controls, brain drains and resource shortages, for instance. Looking ahead, maintaining spaces for exchange and dialogue will be crucial — not only for the progress of science but to mitigate and contain the global threats posed by certain of their applications. \nLanguage and Communication\n\n\nLanguage is a core human capacity and perhaps a unique evolutionary step in the history of life on Earth. No other species makes use of such a large and diverse set of rich and complex languages. Moreover, languages are always changing — and they are doing so rapidly now, due to both social and technological pressures. How will our extraordinary ability to exchange information through a structured recombination of linguistic elements evolve in coming years? \nIt is a time of opportunity and threat: both are found, for instance, in the significant progress of AI’s large language models (LLMs). Across the globe, people are interacting every day with machines using natural language, and the ways in which this will affect human culture and language into the future are unknown. This might be a way of preserving threatened languages and may help us better understand how language is learned and represented in the human mind. Or it might allow majority languages to be exploited in perpetuating or exacerbating economic, social and political inequalities.\nAgainst this backdrop, language is undoubtedly a political issue. Thanks to unprecedented internal and international migration, we are in an age of rising multilingualism. At the same time, many minority languages are under threat, with some languages being forcibly suppressed in certain regions. As researchers recognise the multifaceted nature of language there is a new urgency to ensure that research in human language, the communication strategies of non-human animals and the evolution of both fields reflects the geopolitical importance of the subject.\nPlanetarised Humanity \n\n\nIn an era marked by unprecedented global interconnectedness, increasing technological capabilities and pressing environmental challenges, the future of human identity and social relationships is poised for radical transformation at a planetary level — an emerging complex phenomenon that GESDA has called Planetarised Humanity.\nThe advent of digital technologies, AI and virtual reality are blurring the boundaries between individual and collective cognition, reshaping our self-concept and social roles. The emergence of hybrid social networks where humans and artificial agents collaborate and co-evolve may create new forms of kinship: while emotional bonds with non-human agents could profoundly impact human-to-human relationships, leading to the digital displacement of traditional community structures and practices, technology-mediated experiences may also facilitate deeper levels of interindividual comprehension and empathy. In parallel, anticipated technoscientific breakthroughs over the next quarter-century may provide governance models apt to develop with emergent social norms and technological capabilities. Technological developments, particularly in collective-intelligence platforms and data-driven systems, are expected to play a crucial role in enabling new forms of participatory decision-making and algorithmic consensus-building mechanisms across diverse stakeholders, incorporating elements of common narratives in fostering cohesion across diverse value systems.\nPlanetarised Humanity draws on basic knowledge in the social sciences and humanities to capture and shape these transformative shifts in our human relational condition — in how we understand ourselves, govern our societies and interact with the world around us — that are induced by accelerating socio-techno-ecological co-evolution. The situation demands the formation of new approaches, concepts, frameworks and methodologies that challenge conventional boundaries. We must anticipate the future of these disciplines if we are to integrate science and technology advances with anticipated transformations in human values and societal needs from a planetary perspective for a flourishing, shared future.\nMathematics\n\n\nMuch of the modern world — and its future development — depends on mathematical innovations. Various branches of mathematics, such as calculus, algebra and statistics, underpin the management of all global economies — all of the activity on the internet and the development of AI, for example. Its usefulness goes beyond assisting day-to-day life: it is proving essential to modelling, managing and protecting our existence on the planet. But we do not yet have all the mathematics we need. \nThe detailed behaviour of the ocean-climate-human system, for instance, is beyond existing mathematical models, as does the economic quantification of “ecosystem services”, characterised by the direct or indirect benefits humans derive from ecosystems, which could accelerate the protection of vital aspects of our planetary environment. It seems likely that innovations such as AI that assist mathematicians in their work will help supply these and other insights. Mathematics is also set to help create more equitable societies with greater engagement in democratic processes. That is because mathematical tools are enabling the analysis of human behaviour: alongside advances in neuroscience, these could create powerful new opportunities to steer societies towards happier and healthier futures. \nIn its more traditional role as a tool for scientists, mathematics is finding new and fruitful applications, in particular in biology, where complexity and lack of clean data has historically made mathematically driven analysis more difficult. New collaborations between mathematicians and biologists, building comprehensive records of the characteristics, composition and properties of human cells, for instance, promise a coming revolution in healthcare and fundamental biology.\n","text":"This year, we include scientists’ anticipatory perspectives on a number of new topics, including **Ecology**, **Language and Communication**, **Mathematics**, and **Fungal Biology**. We also offer expanded deep dives into key priority areas, including:\n\n- An in-depth report on **Planetarised Humanity**, resulting from the third GESDA High-Level Anticipation Workshop. This meeting, held in spring 2024, brought together researchers from 15 disciplines to discuss novel scenarios and anticipate trends arising from proliferating global connectivity, rapid changes in environmental contexts and human circumstances, and accelerating technological innovation. \n- A spotlight on anticipated breakthroughs at the interface of sleep and longevity research. This report is just one of the outputs of a high-level meeting convened in Singapore in March by GESDA, the ETH Singapore Centre and the National University of Singapore. \n- The three GESDA Lenses on Science, Philosophy and Geopolitics.\n\n<Page slug=\"science-lens-future-of-research\" id=\"68ec9c5f7269265f6e272a30\" />\n\n**The Science Lens** offers a unique insight into the future of research in science and technology. The landscape for this activity is changing rapidly as national priorities shift the context in which science operates. Research ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to change, with scientists ill-equipped for working in the transdisciplinary collaborations that are becoming a necessary part of addressing complex global challenges. New, robust and resilient ecosystems must be created if the practice of science and technology research is to take the strategic opportunities for transformation that could make it a vibrant tool that serves diverse global communities and makes scientific benefits accessible to all.\n\n<Page slug=\"planetarised-humanity-rethinking-our-human-condition-for-a-shared-planetary-future\" id=\"68b67ff0f16db0c877ddb09c\" />\n\n**The Philosophy Lens** summarises the exploration by leading philosophers at GESDA’s third Anticipation Workshop of issues arising from the complex phenomenon of Planetarised Humanity. Current and anticipated trends in science and technology will inevitably transform what it means to be human, how we can live together as societies and how we can sustain our planet for all life forms. Since humans are fundamentally linguistic creatures, subtle changes in our words and concepts will significantly influence how we define ourselves as we build our future world. Building peaceful societies will depend on maintaining shared language to foster positive co-existence between humans, non-human intelligences and the natural environment on a global scale. Moving beyond technical fixes to rethink core ideas underlying our Planetarised Humanity condition — about progress, nature and well-being — may offer the most fruitful path forward for developing inclusive, global solutions to ensure a sustainable future.\n\n<Page slug=\"geopolitics-lens-the-geopolitics-of-science-and-technology\" id=\"68b6f57bf16db0c877ddb742\" />\n\n**The Geopolitics Lens** provides an in-depth analysis of the future of scientific research in a geopolitical context. Now a core currency in international affairs, science and technology are both shaping and shaped by geopolitics. There is power in being able to shape, control and deploy global research agendas, and expertise has become a strategic asset. What’s more, there are many more areas of strategic interest than ever before, including fields such as AI, biotechnology and space. This report highlights the challenges this situation creates for science and technology research, and — maybe most importantly — for its governance.\n\n## Highlights of the 2025 GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar\n\n**Artificial Intelligence**\n\n<Topic slug=\"artificial-intelligence\" id=\"65c55d599e947c438698b7a7\" />\n\nBreakthroughs in AI over the past five years have been particularly revolutionary for business and education, but it currently dominates global discourse in almost every area of human endeavour, from science to art and from economics to philosophy. Given the unprecedented pace and erratic course of change, it is extraordinarily difficult to know what’s coming next, save to say that it is unlikely to be a smooth continuation of current trajectories. The problem of prediction is compounded by the growing consensus that new approaches to building AI systems will be required to significantly improve performance and achieve adaptable, efficient and trustworthy AI platforms that can be deployed broadly across society. \n\nResearch continues to explore how, for example, the biology of the brain could provide inspiration for more data-efficient learning approaches. Conversely, AI could provide us with new approaches to scientific discovery. However, the application of AI to science requires careful consideration, supervision and validation: in particular, it requires rich data to function and can end up wasting resources by going down avenues that human scientists would instinctively identify as dead ends. It can also readily come up with plausible explanations for phenomena that turn out to have no basis in reality. These are artefacts of the way today’s AI works: they find and exploit correlations within datasets but have no “common sense” appreciation of causal relationships. Building AI that has a concept of the world within which it exists (that is, a “world model”) could significantly improve its capabilities, as could endowing it with an understanding of causality. \n\nHowever, even without such a radical overhaul, there is already enough latent power in our AI systems to cause significant further disruption to many of society’s systems and infrastructures, and it is vital that researchers, businesses, regulators and policy-makers work together to ensure that the benefits of AI reach as wide a swathe of humanity as possible — while limiting its negative impacts. AI is already outperforming humans in a widening range of tasks.\n\n**Cognitive Enhancement**\n\n<Topic slug=\"cognitive-enhancement\" id=\"65c55d599e947c438698b7aa\" />\n\nThe workings of the human brain present one of the greatest mysteries in the entire cosmos. But after millennia of “blunt instrument” approaches to investigating the brain — relatively crude surgical or pharmaceutical interventions — we are in a time of radical innovation which should help to shed light on how our minds work. We can use silicon-based technologies, photons of light or chemical stimuli to stimulate neural activity, alter brain states and achieve therapeutic effects — some of which are truly life-changing.\n\nFor researchers in the field, these and other developments promise rapid advances in our understanding of the processes underlying thought, memory and action. For example, AI can be used to analyse huge datasets of neural signals, turn brain activity into images and speech, and thus provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of cognition. Future developments could lead to insights about how neurons — more specifically, networks of neurons, since cognitive processes appear to be dynamic and distributed — encode information and how their signals instigate or affect thought, impulse, action and mood. Brain-computer interfaces are available in many forms. Some allow artificial systems to read and write brain signals, opening up the possibility of learning to interpret and synthesise brain signals.\n\nThat means these technologies have profound real-world applications, too. Read-outs from deep-brain implants can already turn an unexpressed intention or desire to move a limb into a digital command that can initiate the action. The implication for those with paralysis or other neural restrictions is clear: technology is making it possible to bypass irreparably damaged neurological systems. Equally exciting is the potential to perform “exogenous cognition”, where mental tasks are offloaded to external processors. This is already happening to a limited extent, but future developments could significantly augment our memories, decision-making and learning. \n\n**Engineering Human Biology**\n\n<Topic slug=\"engineering-human-biology\" id=\"65c55d599e947c438698b7ba\" />\n\nAs synthetic human genomes, miniature human organs grown in a lab and replicas of human embryos have started to become part of today’s reality, we can look forward to the considerable benefits for human health and well-being that our vast and multifaceted ability to re-engineer human biology promises. Cancer, cardiovascular disease, fertility roadblocks and immune-system disorders are just some of the possible targets of this research. Emerging technologies such as AI, tissue engineering and genome editing are converging to make a tangible difference to the way we manage human biology.\n\nReprogramming cells and tissues, for example, promises a means of reversing age-related loss of function, of making cancer cells a target for the immune system and even of growing new tissues and organs to order. The thriving field of “organoids” — lab-grown mini-organs — is heading towards growing replica kidneys or bone marrow for transplant. There are even “mini-brains”, grown in culture, that promise to help elucidate the pathways associated with dementia.\n\nAll these developments, however, cast ethical, legal and regulatory shadows over our current governance frameworks, and it will be essential that they are properly accompanied by the fields of philosophy and ethics in parallel to legislative developments. A quarter of a century ago, researchers began liaising with policy-makers, regulators and the media to prepare the ground for babies who would have three “parents”, one being a donor who would ensure the child was born free of lethal mitochondrial diseases. Those babies were finally born this year through the research conducted by scientists contributing to the GESDA Radar. Now a similar effort must begin for the many transformative advances in engineering human biology that will come over the next quarter of a century.\n\n**Ecology**\n\n<Topic slug=\"ecology\" id=\"68a692e40ac1330579fd7985\" />\n\nThere can hardly be a more pressing issue facing humanity than our ecological challenges. Shifts in climate are resulting in changes to all Earth’s ecosystems and even the creation of new ones, as populations of various species are forced to share habitats in unprecedented ways. Such scenarios only increase the likelihood of new human pandemics, caused by mutations in animal-borne viruses and other pathogens. This is made even more likely by the fact that humans are themselves introducing new species to regions where they did not previously exist, whether accidentally or purposefully. As a consequence, ecologists are seeing many groups of organisms undergoing rapid evolution in response to human activity.\n\nHowever, researchers are also pioneering a slew of exciting innovations that have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of ecology. New genetic-analysis tools, cutting-edge chemical sensors, satellite monitoring and underwater acoustic probes are just some of the technologies gathering data that can inform modelling, planning and action. Furthermore, greater appreciation of the value of Indigenous and local knowledge is opening up opportunities to gain new insights into ecological processes. \n\nChallenges remain, of course. One is making the most of scientific advances that seek to modify biological organisms to control disease while avoiding undesirable outcomes. Another is creating ecological tools that factor in hard-to-model phenomena such as tipping points that can lead to irreversible, runaway climate change and multi-scale, multisystem effects such as those produced by mass human migration or economic, social and political changes.\n\n**Pathogen Biology**\n\n<Topic slug=\"pathogen-biology\" id=\"65c55d599e947c438698b7b8\" />\n\nMany lessons have been learned from humanity’s experience with COVID-19. However, there is still much to do to prepare us for the next pandemic, as experts agree it is a case of “when”, not “if”. \n\nOur collective response to COVID-19 didn’t just help us overcome the virus: it helped us develop crucial infrastructure for the logistics of healthcare delivery, as well as a suite of tools, such as mRNA vaccines, that will be vital to treating a broad range of diseases and conditions. Other emerging tools — rapid genome sequencing, immunological profiling, phage therapy, surveillance technologies and AI — will help us monitor, prevent or contain future outbreaks of disease. \n\nFurther threats from viruses, bacteria and other pathogens such as fungi remain very much on the radar of a large group of researchers. AI is proving particularly useful, helping to characterise molecules that are key to the infectivity of pathogens and to analyse genomic data that sheds light on the likely outcomes of infection. It is vital for global health, though, that the benefits of these breakthroughs are felt far beyond the borders of the rich countries that can afford to carry out such cutting-edge research — especially as much of the raw data comes from lower- and middle-income countries. The most effective approach to building global resistance to pathogens will be decentralised, based on a blend of formal and informal health intelligence and built on mutual trust and partnership across nations and regions.\n\n**The Geopolitics of Science and Technology**\n\n<Page slug=\"geopolitics-lens-the-geopolitics-of-science-and-technology\" id=\"68b6f57bf16db0c877ddb742\" />\n\nFor most of the 20th century, only a few specific scientific fields or technological capabilities were considered to be of direct military value, such as nuclear physics and the ability to enrich nuclear material. Today, a much broader range of scientific knowledge and technological capabilities, from general-purpose AI to quantum technologies and synthetic biology, are seen as strategic assets to be guarded, leveraged or denied. The ability to shape, control and deploy advanced technologies is a key factor of global relevance, competitiveness and influence. As a result, states are adopting measures such as export restrictions on semiconductor technology or computer chips, tight control over data pipelines and restrictions on the flow of knowledge and expertise across borders. \n\nWeaponising the tools and resources of science and technology has significant knock-on effects for those in the knowledge-creation sectors. Scientific progress was once driven by international collaboration: now suspicion and strategic competition threaten to silo knowledge and capacity. There are growing restrictions on recruitment from abroad, and working in cross-border partnerships is becoming far more difficult, particularly in sensitive domains like AI, quantum computing and biotechnology. \n\nThis changing research climate is causing governments to innovate in their approaches to science, technology and related industries — striving to reduce their vulnerability to chokepoints. China, Brazil and India have all implemented new strategic programmes designed to mitigate the effects of export controls, brain drains and resource shortages, for instance. Looking ahead, maintaining spaces for exchange and dialogue will be crucial — not only for the progress of science but to mitigate and contain the global threats posed by certain of their applications. \n\n**Language and Communication**\n\n<Topic slug=\"language-and-communication\" id=\"68a693290ac1330579fd7992\" />\n\nLanguage is a core human capacity and perhaps a unique evolutionary step in the history of life on Earth. No other species makes use of such a large and diverse set of rich and complex languages. Moreover, languages are always changing — and they are doing so rapidly now, due to both social and technological pressures. How will our extraordinary ability to exchange information through a structured recombination of linguistic elements evolve in coming years? \n\nIt is a time of opportunity and threat: both are found, for instance, in the significant progress of AI’s large language models (LLMs). Across the globe, people are interacting every day with machines using natural language, and the ways in which this will affect human culture and language into the future are unknown. This might be a way of preserving threatened languages and may help us better understand how language is learned and represented in the human mind. Or it might allow majority languages to be exploited in perpetuating or exacerbating economic, social and political inequalities.\n\nAgainst this backdrop, language is undoubtedly a political issue. Thanks to unprecedented internal and international migration, we are in an age of rising multilingualism. At the same time, many minority languages are under threat, with some languages being forcibly suppressed in certain regions. As researchers recognise the multifaceted nature of language there is a new urgency to ensure that research in human language, the communication strategies of non-human animals and the evolution of both fields reflects the geopolitical importance of the subject.\n\n**Planetarised Humanity** \n\n<Page slug=\"planetarised-humanity-a-new-era-for-humankind\" id=\"68b680f2f16db0c877ddb0b1\" />\n\nIn an era marked by unprecedented global interconnectedness, increasing technological capabilities and pressing environmental challenges, the future of human identity and social relationships is poised for radical transformation at a planetary level — an emerging complex phenomenon that GESDA has called Planetarised Humanity.\n\nThe advent of digital technologies, AI and virtual reality are blurring the boundaries between individual and collective cognition, reshaping our self-concept and social roles. The emergence of hybrid social networks where humans and artificial agents collaborate and co-evolve may create new forms of kinship: while emotional bonds with non-human agents could profoundly impact human-to-human relationships, leading to the digital displacement of traditional community structures and practices, technology-mediated experiences may also facilitate deeper levels of interindividual comprehension and empathy. In parallel, anticipated technoscientific breakthroughs over the next quarter-century may provide governance models apt to develop with emergent social norms and technological capabilities. Technological developments, particularly in collective-intelligence platforms and data-driven systems, are expected to play a crucial role in enabling new forms of participatory decision-making and algorithmic consensus-building mechanisms across diverse stakeholders, incorporating elements of common narratives in fostering cohesion across diverse value systems.\n\nPlanetarised Humanity draws on basic knowledge in the social sciences and humanities to capture and shape these transformative shifts in our human relational condition — in how we understand ourselves, govern our societies and interact with the world around us — that are induced by accelerating socio-techno-ecological co-evolution. The situation demands the formation of new approaches, concepts, frameworks and methodologies that challenge conventional boundaries. We must anticipate the future of these disciplines if we are to integrate science and technology advances with anticipated transformations in human values and societal needs from a planetary perspective for a flourishing, shared future.\n\n**Mathematics**\n\n<Topic slug=\"mathematics\" id=\"68a693650ac1330579fd799f\" />\n\nMuch of the modern world — and its future development — depends on mathematical innovations. Various branches of mathematics, such as calculus, algebra and statistics, underpin the management of all global economies — all of the activity on the internet and the development of AI, for example. Its usefulness goes beyond assisting day-to-day life: it is proving essential to modelling, managing and protecting our existence on the planet. But we do not yet have all the mathematics we need. \n\nThe detailed behaviour of the ocean-climate-human system, for instance, is beyond existing mathematical models, as does the economic quantification of “ecosystem services”, characterised by the direct or indirect benefits humans derive from ecosystems, which could accelerate the protection of vital aspects of our planetary environment. It seems likely that innovations such as AI that assist mathematicians in their work will help supply these and other insights. Mathematics is also set to help create more equitable societies with greater engagement in democratic processes. 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facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA and thanks for joining us! 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