{
    "componentChunkName": "component---src-gatsby-pdf-topic-pdf-tsx",
    "path": "/pdf/topics/future-of-consciousness",
    "result": {"data":{"platform":{"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","slug":"future-of-consciousness","name":"Future of Consciousness","path":"/topics/future-of-consciousness","__typename":"Platform_Topic","created":"2021-07-26T04:52:41.00","published":null,"doiId":null,"outlineNumber":"2.4","trend":{"id":"65c55d5c9e947c438698b86b","path":"/trends/human-augmentation","slug":"human-augmentation","name":"Human Augmentation","__typename":"Platform_Trend","outlineNumber":"2","openGraph":{"image":{"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1760333268/gesda-platform/banner/banner-trend-2_image__P2A_2026_trhfij.webp"}}}},"color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"}},"description":{"text":"As yet, science can offer no standard, widely agreed definition of consciousness, partly because researchers use the same word to describe a variety of phenomena such as wakefulness, awareness, attention, responsiveness to stimuli and inner life. It is thus a field of broad interdisciplinary study. \n\nThere is also significant linguistic and cultural variance in what people understand by the term “consciousness”.[1](/citation/2025-02-2-4-1/) This is also true of “disorders” of consciousness: the experience of what might be termed delusions or hallucinations by Western medicine can be seen as normal and even valuable in many cultures. Responses to the idea of non-human consciousness are also culturally differentiated.\n\nCurrently, there is no agreed theory of how consciousness arises.[2](/citation/2025-02-2-4-2/) However, progress is being made here, particularly by the Cogitate consortium’s innovative and rigorous experimental approach to testing the predictions of two competing leading theories within a framework of “adversarial collaboration”.[3](/citation/2025-02-2-4-3/) The lack of deep theoretical understanding has not prevented the adoption of technologies and conceptual advances that help make decisions in a clinical setting. \n\nWe have devised methods to quantify the degree of presence or absence of consciousness (as inner life, awareness or mental response to stimuli), allowing us to define whether a patient is in a vegetative state, for instance, and to evaluate whether their consciousness can be “augmented”, that is, shifted to a more elevated state of consciousness, whether by intervention or through the body’s natural healing processes.[4](/citation/2025-02-2-4-4/) \n\nAs with many medical applications, technologies that spring from a clinical setting will eventually benefit the broader population. This is because the same technologies that diagnose or modulate consciousness when there is a deficit or disorder can be pressed into service to enhance or augment healthy, functioning consciousness. They will also be helpful in more philosophical areas, improving our understanding of free will, the self and the ethics of cases at the edges of sentience.\n\nMeanwhile, work is under way to determine the developmental emergence of consciousness in humans[5](/citation/2025-02-2-4-5/) and the extent to which machines and animals can have or develop consciousness.[6](/citation/2025-02-2-4-6/),[7](/citation/2025-02-2-4-7/) Researchers also aim to understand whether organoids and other synthetic biological organisms are capable of developing a kind of consciousness.[8](/citation/2025-02-2-4-8/) This is likely to spark debate on the ethics of the field itself and of the assignment of moral status and rights.  \n\n\n**KEY TAKEAWAYS** \n\nAlthough central to the experience of being human, consciousness has proved difficult to investigate scientifically, with researchers struggling to reach consensus on many aspects of the field. While it is clear that **Human consciousness** is a multifaceted phenomenon, its relation to brain states — including those induced by injury, degradation and trauma — is dizzyingly complex. Understanding where, when (and whether) **Non-human consciousness** arises, whether in other animals or in machines, together with the developmental origins of consciousness in humans, is a useful path towards further understanding of the brain and of the wider phenomenon of consciousness. Drugs, electrical stimulation and in some cases cell replacement, genetic and other biotech interventions all show promise for **Modulation of consciousness** for therapeutic, recreational and knowledge-gathering purposes. Eventually, we may be able to extend the phenomenon to create **Beyond-human consciousness** that augments our evolved abilities in ways that might facilitate an existence lived alongside intelligent machines.\n"},"intro":{"text":"Research over the last few decades has made significant inroads into important issues such as investigating disorders of consciousness, understanding and treating coma and related states, and determining how our biologically evolved consciousness might be augmented using biotechnology and/or silicon technologies in the future. "},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"Three fundamental questions guide GESDA’s mission and drive its work: Who are we, as humans? How can we all live together? How can we ensure the well-being of humankind and the sustainable future of our planet? We asked researchers from the field to anticipate what impact future breakthroughs could have on each of these dimensions. This wheel summarises their opinions when considering each of these questions, with a higher score indicating high anticipated impact, and vice versa.\n\n* Anticipated impact on who we are as humans\n* Anticipated impact on how we will all live together\n* Anticipated impact on the well-being of humankind and sustainable future of our planet"},"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa75","value":"0.580","numericValue":0.58,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68a687440ac1330579fd78af","value":"0.6406","numericValue":0.6406,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024","numericValue":2024},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025","numericValue":2025}],"anticipatoryImpactImage":{"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/psp-pl-2-25-2-4_image__PSP-PL2_25_2.4_mgyeac","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760070095/gesda-platform/image-asset/psp-pl-2-25-2-4_image__PSP-PL2_25_2.4_mgyeac.webp"}},"embeds":{"citations":[{"id":"691a78b0c0043bba84a9df7f","slug":"2025-02-2-4-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.1.113","name":"Indigenous Concepts of Consciousness, Soul and Spirit: A Cross-Cultural Perspective","authors":[{"id":"691a78b0c0043bba84a9df7d","name":"R. Trnka and R. Lorencova","slug":"r-trnka-and-r-lorencova"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Journal of Consciousness Studies","accessDate":null,"startPage":113,"volume":29,"footnoteNumber":1,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b1c0043bba84a9df83","slug":"2025-02-2-4-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00587-4","name":"Theories of consciousness","authors":[{"id":"691a78b1c0043bba84a9df81","name":"A.K. Seth and T.Bayne","slug":"a-k-seth-and-t-bayne"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Rev Neurosci","accessDate":null,"startPage":439,"volume":23,"footnoteNumber":2,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b2c0043bba84a9df87","slug":"2025-02-2-4-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1","name":"Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness","authors":[{"id":"691a78b1c0043bba84a9df85","name":"Cogitate Consortium","slug":"cogitate-consortium"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nature","accessDate":null,"startPage":133,"volume":642,"footnoteNumber":3,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b2c0043bba84a9df8b","slug":"2025-02-2-4-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x","name":"Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms","authors":[{"id":"691a78b2c0043bba84a9df89","name":"B.L. Edlow et al.","slug":"b-l-edlow-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Rev Neurol 17","accessDate":null,"startPage":135,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":4,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b3c0043bba84a9df8f","slug":"2025-02-2-4-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.018","name":"Consciousness in the cradle: on the emergence of infant experience","authors":[{"id":"691a78b2c0043bba84a9df8d","name":"T. Bayne et al.","slug":"t-bayne-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Trends in cognitive sciences","accessDate":null,"startPage":1135,"volume":27,"footnoteNumber":5,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b3c0043bba84a9df91","slug":"2025-02-2-4-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfjd00r","name":"Artificial You: AI and the Future of Your Mind","authors":[{"id":"66f4d3a109a10d3d0e148dcc","name":"S. Schneider","slug":"s-schneider"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Princeton University Press","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":6,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b3c0043bba84a9df93","slug":"2025-02-2-4-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.07103","name":"Could a Large Language Model be Conscious?","authors":[{"id":"66f4d3a109a10d3d0e148dd0","name":"D.J. Chalmers","slug":"d-j-chalmers"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"arXiv.org","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":7,"year":null},{"id":"691a78b4c0043bba84a9df97","slug":"2025-02-2-4-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104555","name":"Cerebral Organoids: Ethical Issues and Consciousness Assessment","authors":[{"id":"691a78b4c0043bba84a9df95","name":"A. Lavazza and Marcello Massimini","slug":"a-lavazza-and-marcello-massimini"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Journal of Medical Ethics","accessDate":null,"startPage":606,"volume":44,"footnoteNumber":8,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]},"surveyObservations":{"text":"Another area of high Anticipation Potential score overall is the Future of Consciousness. Understanding and modulating consciousness in humans, animals and machines remains a huge challenge, with major breakthroughs expected to happen in 15 years. The route to get there remains highly uncertain, which further contributes to the high score. The possibility of augmenting human consciousness and sharing it with other entities is seen as most transformative for society. The consequences of a better understanding of human consciousness across stages in life and medical conditions require the most coordinated international action."},"color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD","darkValue":"#045059","veryDarkValue":"#011b1e"},"banner":{"id":"68e8e50063d1c853e9788d89","name":"2.4.1 Human Consciousness. 2026","description":{"text":""},"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/banner/2-4-1-human-consciousness-2026_image__2.4.1_Human_Consciousness_slobn6","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760093422/gesda-platform/banner/2-4-1-human-consciousness-2026_image__2.4.1_Human_Consciousness_slobn6.webp","thumbnails":{"mainBanner":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_1440/v1760093422/gesda-platform/banner/2-4-1-human-consciousness-2026_image__2.4.1_Human_Consciousness_slobn6.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_2880/v1760093422/gesda-platform/banner/2-4-1-human-consciousness-2026_image__2.4.1_Human_Consciousness_slobn6.webp"}}}},"chartImage":{"id":"65c55cee9e947c438698a961","slug":"chart-2-4-consciousness-augmentation","image":{"id":"image_gesda-22/image-asset/chart-2-4-consciousness-augmentation_image__TRR-2_4-TBC-01","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668986380/gesda-22/image-asset/chart-2-4-consciousness-augmentation_image__TRR-2_4-TBC-01.png","url2x":null}},"citations":[{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-4-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.1.113","name":"Indigenous Concepts of Consciousness, Soul and Spirit: A Cross-Cultural Perspective","authors":[{"id":"691a78b0c0043bba84a9df7d","name":"R. Trnka and R. Lorencova","slug":"r-trnka-and-r-lorencova"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Journal of Consciousness Studies","accessDate":null,"startPage":113,"volume":29,"footnoteNumber":1,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-4-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00587-4","name":"Theories of consciousness","authors":[{"id":"691a78b1c0043bba84a9df81","name":"A.K. Seth and T.Bayne","slug":"a-k-seth-and-t-bayne"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Rev Neurosci","accessDate":null,"startPage":439,"volume":23,"footnoteNumber":2,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-4-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1","name":"Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness","authors":[{"id":"691a78b1c0043bba84a9df85","name":"Cogitate Consortium","slug":"cogitate-consortium"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nature","accessDate":null,"startPage":133,"volume":642,"footnoteNumber":3,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-4-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x","name":"Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms","authors":[{"id":"691a78b2c0043bba84a9df89","name":"B.L. Edlow et al.","slug":"b-l-edlow-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Rev Neurol 17","accessDate":null,"startPage":135,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":4,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-4-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.018","name":"Consciousness in the cradle: on the emergence of infant experience","authors":[{"id":"691a78b2c0043bba84a9df8d","name":"T. Bayne et al.","slug":"t-bayne-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Trends in cognitive sciences","accessDate":null,"startPage":1135,"volume":27,"footnoteNumber":5,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Book","slug":"2025-02-2-4-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfjd00r","name":"Artificial You: AI and the Future of Your Mind","authors":[{"id":"66f4d3a109a10d3d0e148dcc","name":"S. Schneider","slug":"s-schneider"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Princeton University Press","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":6,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Preprint","slug":"2025-02-2-4-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.07103","name":"Could a Large Language Model be Conscious?","authors":[{"id":"66f4d3a109a10d3d0e148dd0","name":"D.J. Chalmers","slug":"d-j-chalmers"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"arXiv.org","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":7,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-4-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104555","name":"Cerebral Organoids: Ethical Issues and Consciousness Assessment","authors":[{"id":"691a78b4c0043bba84a9df95","name":"A. Lavazza and Marcello Massimini","slug":"a-lavazza-and-marcello-massimini"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Journal of Medical Ethics","accessDate":null,"startPage":606,"volume":44,"footnoteNumber":8,"year":null}],"subTopics":[{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b662","name":"Human consciousness","path":"/sub-topics/human-consciousness","outlineNumber":"2.4.1","slug":"human-consciousness","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","slug":"future-of-consciousness","path":"/topics/future-of-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"Different kinds of consciousness are in play at different stages of human development, from fetus through to early childhood and beyond. On top of that, injury or disease can compromise human consciousness in a variety of ways, such as that seen in vegetative-state patients and people suffering from dementia. There is progress towards creating tests for consciousness.[9](/citation/2025-02-2-4-9/)"},"description":{"text":"Understanding the difference between these various types of human consciousness will be a vital part of the effort to treat injury and disease, and to understand various aspects of human-rights issues associated with consciousness. Research efforts are aiming to do this, with some success in the application of diagnostic tools that can differentiate between a vegetative state and a minimally conscious state, for instance.[10](/citation/2025-02-2-4-10/) Functional MRI and EEG can be used to demonstrate performance of cognitive tasks in some comatose patients who do not follow verbal commands.[11](/citation/2025-02-2-4-11/) Intervention in coma patients, aiming at recovery, is becoming a realistic, if long-term, prospect.[12](/citation/2025-02-2-4-12/),[13](/citation/2025-02-2-4-13/) There is hope that better understanding will help detect and assess early memory loss in ageing and in Alzheimer’s disease, and guide treatment and care.[14](/citation/2025-02-2-4-14/)At the other end of life the need to assess consciousness “in the cradle”, in the  prenatal and infant stages, is becoming an issue with medical, educational, legal and ethical implications.[15](/citation/2025-02-2-4-15/)\n\nNeurosurgical research demonstrates that specific neuronal activity underlies the emergence of concepts, memories and intentions in human consciousness. Recent work involving direct recordings from the human brain  has highlighted the role of specific regions of the thalamus in mediating conscious perception, showing flow of involved information from these thalamic nuclei  to the prefrontal cortex.[16](/citation/2025-02-2-4-16/) Further exploration here, with emerging brain-recording and stimulation tools, partnered with AI-based analysis, could help decode conscious and preconscious states.[17](/citation/2025-02-2-4-17/),[18](/citation/2025-02-2-4-18/) Interaction with sleeping humans can also help to explore the space between the conscious and unconscious brain.[19](/citation/2025-02-2-4-19/)\n\nSuch work could also help with fundamental science, such as developing theoretical understanding of consciousness by identifying areas of interest for probing the neural correlates of consciousness, and contribute to the quantification and classification of consciousness in humans.\n"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e893c663d1c853e9788bc7","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-1-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.1_sub_anti_2026_nbv7bn","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760072630/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-1-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.1_sub_anti_2026_nbv7bn.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7ab","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon-15","intro":{"text":"Consciousness evaluation evolves"},"description":{"text":"Scientifically validated assessment of presence and quality of human consciousness is established, opening up the possibility of significant progress on theories of consciousness. Brain-machine interfaces open up seamless communication with apparently unconscious people, even restoring natural consciousness in some cases. Precision neuropsychiatry uses a suite of new interventions — technological and chemical tools — to steer consciousness away from dangerous or unwanted states."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7aa","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-16","intro":{"text":"Guidelines for consciousness assessment agreed"},"description":{"text":"An agreed set of international guidelines (effectively a standard scale) standardises assessment of human consciousness. Improved imaging, combined with AI pattern recognition, leads to more reliable prediction of which patients are aware, which will respond to stimulation and which will require implants to communicate from their vegetative state. Neuroscientific tools give a rudimentary ability to decode the content of dreams in sleeping humans, as well as other contents of conscious experience.\n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7a9","name":"2.4.1 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-4-1-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Diagnosis of consciousness improves"},"description":{"text":"Brain-state diagnostics improve, and machine learning overcomes individual patient variability to assist in prognosis and guide rehabilitation. Specific tests reliably detect early onset of diseases that disrupt consciousness. Better computational models improve our understanding of the systems biology that contributes to conscious states.\n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa6c","value":"0.585","numericValue":0.585,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68eddc91af9e6d6d63270e5f","value":"0.630","numericValue":0.63,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-10","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081675","name":"Assessing Consciousness through Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation: Possibilities and Challenges","authors":[{"name":"M. Vatrano et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Life","accessDate":null,"startPage":1675,"volume":13,"footnoteNumber":10,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-11","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2400645","name":"Cognitive Motor Dissociation in Disorders of Consciousness","authors":[{"name":"Y.G. Bodien et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"N Engl J Med","accessDate":null,"startPage":598,"volume":391,"footnoteNumber":11,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-12","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.027","name":"Toward an interventional science of recovery after coma","authors":[{"name":"N.D. Schiff"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Neuron","accessDate":null,"startPage":1595,"volume":112,"footnoteNumber":12,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-13","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000002290","name":"Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":[{"name":"W. Fan et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation","accessDate":null,"startPage":1102,"volume":102,"footnoteNumber":13,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-14","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23458","name":"Assessing mild cognitive impairment using object-location memory in immersive virtual environments","authors":[{"name":"A. Castegnaro et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Hippocampus","accessDate":null,"startPage":660,"volume":32,"footnoteNumber":14,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-15","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.018","name":"Consciousness in the cradle: on the emergence of infant experience","authors":[{"name":"T. Bayne et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Trends in cognitive sciences","accessDate":null,"startPage":1135,"volume":27,"footnoteNumber":15,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-16","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adr3675","name":"Human high-order thalamic nuclei gate conscious perception through the thalamofrontal loop","authors":[{"name":"Z. Fang et al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Science","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":388,"footnoteNumber":16,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-17","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-023-05738-9","name":"Consciousness: a neurosurgical perspective","authors":[{"name":"M.M. Andelman-Gur and I. Fried"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Acta Neurochir","accessDate":null,"startPage":2729,"volume":165,"footnoteNumber":17,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-18","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00543-8","name":"Neurons as will and representation","authors":[{"name":"I. Fried"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Rev Neurosci","accessDate":null,"startPage":104,"volume":23,"footnoteNumber":18,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-19","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026","name":"Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep","authors":[{"name":"K.R. Konkoly et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Current Biology","accessDate":null,"startPage":1417,"volume":31,"footnoteNumber":19,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b65d","name":"Non-human consciousness","path":"/sub-topics/non-human-consciousness","outlineNumber":"2.4.2","slug":"non-human-consciousness","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","slug":"future-of-consciousness","path":"/topics/future-of-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"The challenge of reliably extrapolating from our understanding of human consciousness, added to the inability of other animals to report experience, means that it will always be difficult to determine how to approach the issue of non-human consciousness and when, where and how it exists. "},"description":{"text":"Interesting advances are being made in the study of machine consciousness.[20](/citation/2025-02-2-4-20/) Researchers are making progress in developing methods to assess AI systems for consciousness[21](/citation/2025-02-2-4-21/) and investigating machine implementations of neuroscientific theories of consciousness.[22](/citation/2025-02-2-4-22/) Efforts to understand whether machine consciousness is possible, and what might constitute it, provide an important anchor for our understanding of consciousness itself.[23](/citation/2025-02-2-4-23/)\n\nIn animals, the issue of consciousness is more immediate, pertaining to issues of moral status, and with ramifications for agriculture and food economics. A cohort of researchers have suggested there is “strong scientific support for attributions of conscious experience to other mammals and to birds”, and that “empirical evidence indicates at least a realistic possibility of conscious experience in all vertebrates (including reptiles, amphibians, and fishes) and many invertebrates (including, at minimum, cephalopod mollusks, decapod crustaceans, and insects)”.[24](/citation/2025-02-2-4-24/) This is a controversial claim, but one that highlights the lack of agreement about the nature and extent of consciousness in the natural world. Further exploration of the issue can only improve our understanding of the phenomenon, although funding for this work is limited. \n\nThere is also a growing awareness of the possibility that some rudimentary form of consciousness could arise in brain organoids, which are proto-organs grown in vitro from human brain tissue.[25](/citation/2025-02-2-4-25/) However, despite the potential ubiquity of non-human conscious experience, caution is needed due to the possibility that very complex cognitive abilities can unfold without conscious experience.[26](/citation/2025-02-2-4-26/)\n"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e89edb63d1c853e9788c90","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-2-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.2_sub_anti_2026_qjrvvu","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760075472/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-2-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.2_sub_anti_2026_qjrvvu.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7ae","name":"2.4.2 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-4-2-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Hybrid consciousness improves learning"},"description":{"text":"Neuro-inspired AI systems (neuro-AI) that help design education curricula are imbued with algorithms that operate on an improved understanding of how humans consciously learn, creating a virtuous loop. "},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7ad","name":"2.4.2 - 10-year horizon","slug":"2-4-2-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Non-human consciousness sheds light on human consciousness"},"description":{"text":"Animal consciousness is measured and assessed by a wide-ranging set of tests developed for the assessment of human consciousness (and adapted for non-verbal responders based on assessment techniques developed for human infants). Machines that display many characteristics associated with human consciousness are probed as tools for understanding how consciousness might arise in humans — in particular, for ascertaining whether embodiment plays a critical role. \n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7ac","name":"2.4.2 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-4-2-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Debates over non-human consciousness take centre stage"},"description":{"text":"The capacity of AI systems to mimic human behaviour leads to intense debate about whether they might be conscious. Arguments from a consciousness perspective lead many species’ rights to become more closely protected."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa74","value":"0.549","numericValue":0.549,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68eddce8af9e6d6d63270e6e","value":"0.620","numericValue":0.62,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-20","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.067","name":"Consciousness beyond the human case","authors":[{"name":"J. LeDoux et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Current Biology","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":33,"footnoteNumber":20,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-21","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.08708","name":"Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness","authors":[{"name":"P. Butlin et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"arXiv.org","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":21,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-22","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2024.1352685","name":"Design and evaluation of a global workspace agent embodied in a realistic multimodal environment","authors":[{"name":"R.F.J. Dossa et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":18,"footnoteNumber":22,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-23","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.009","name":"The feasibility of artificial consciousness through the lens of neuroscience","authors":[{"name":"J. Aru et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Trends in Neurosciences","accessDate":null,"startPage":1008,"volume":46,"footnoteNumber":23,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-24","url":"https://sites.google.com/nyu.edu/nydeclaration/declaration","name":"The New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness","authors":[{"name":"K. Andrews et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"New York University","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":24,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-25","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09538-x","name":"Dimensions of Consciousness and the Moral Status of Brain Organoids","authors":[{"name":"J.L. Boyd and N. Lipshitz"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Neuroethics","accessDate":null,"startPage":5,"volume":17,"footnoteNumber":25,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-26","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104072118","name":"One-trial perceptual learning in the absence of conscious remembering and independent of the medial temporal lobe","authors":[{"name":"L.R. Squire et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":118,"footnoteNumber":26,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b663","name":"Modulation of human consciousness","path":"/sub-topics/modulation-of-human-consciousness","outlineNumber":"2.4.3","slug":"modulation-of-human-consciousness","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","slug":"future-of-consciousness","path":"/topics/future-of-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"We can modulate human consciousness by several methods. One is chemical: there has been some significant progress in the use of psychedelic and psychoactive drugs, for instance, to augment and alter consciousness. New imaging techniques demonstrate the neurological details of these alterations: psilocybin, for instance, produces a state of increased chaotic brain activity and induces changes in frontal brain structures that may be associated with the phenomenology of psychedelic experiences.[27](/citation/2025-02-2-4-27/) Increasingly, experience with chemical modulations of consciousness are proving useful in medical contexts. Psilocybin and MDMA are being used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, for example.[28](/citation/2025-02-2-4-28/),[29](/citation/2025-02-2-4-29/)\n"},"description":{"text":"Electrical modulation of consciousness is also seeing success in invasive and non-invasive forms. Brain-computer interfaces are developing at pace.[30](/citation/2025-02-2-4-30/) More precisely targeted non-invasive technology like transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) has successfully brought minimally conscious patients back towards higher consciousness.[31](/citation/2025-02-2-4-31/) Deep brain stimulation is showing therapeutic promise for treating disorders of consciousness associated with impaired arousal or awareness.[32](/citation/2025-02-2-4-32/) “Closed-loop” neuromodulation is able to act on, and sense, brain state based on feedback.[33](/citation/2025-02-2-4-33/),[34](/citation/2025-02-2-4-34/) There is also growing scope for editing of memory and/or urges and wishes through electrical implants, as the technological tools required are already available.[35](/citation/2025-02-2-4-35/) \n\nStem cells provide another approach to neuromodulation. Rat stem cells, for instance, have restored sensory abilities within a mouse brain that had its own olfactory neurons rendered inert.[36](/citation/2025-02-2-4-36/) It seems that stem-cell injection can modify the cellular composition of neural circuits, potentially altering conscious experience.\n"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e89a6463d1c853e9788c30","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-3-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.3_sub_anti_2026_ftyoyn","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760074320/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-3-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.3_sub_anti_2026_ftyoyn.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b1","name":"2.4.3 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-4-3-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Brain injuries are treated with stem-cell therapy"},"description":{"text":"Stem-cell therapies rewire patients’ brains after injury. Engineered highly specific psychedelics transform trauma treatment and neuropsychiatry, and enter selective use in general populations. Memory-editing and selective memory chips become a widely available therapeutic and enhancing option."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b0","name":"2.4.3 - 10-year horizon","slug":"2-4-3-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"AI decodes the brain"},"description":{"text":"Feedback from wearable technology, electrical implants and new imaging techniques enable patients to modulate their own conscious experience. AI systems decode neural signatures of conscious urges and intentions, and inject signals useful for therapeutic treatment, including rudimentary memory editing. Psychedelic drugs altering states of consciousness enter mainstream psychiatry. Brain-machine interfaces move from the clinical environment to the general population, enabling enhancement of conscious states. "},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7af","name":"2.4.3 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-4-3-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Brain modulation experiments widen their scope"},"description":{"text":"Drug-control frameworks are loosened to allow PTSD and other disorders of the brain to be treated in wider clinical settings using psychedelics. Electrical stimulation of the brains of coma patients sees some success in re-establishing higher levels of consciousness. Clinical trials in selected neurological and psychiatric disorders accelerate technologies capable of extracting information from the brain, inserting information or closing the information loop, thus enabling direct modulation of conscious states. \n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa67","value":"0.561","numericValue":0.561,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68eddd4caf9e6d6d63270e8b","value":"0.640","numericValue":0.64,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-27","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106589","name":"TMS-EEG and resting-state EEG applied to altered states of consciousness: oscillations, complexity, and phenomenology","authors":[{"name":"A. Ort et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"iScience","accessDate":null,"startPage":106589,"volume":26,"footnoteNumber":27,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-28","url":"https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.182","name":"Therapeutic role of psilocybin and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in trauma: A literature review","authors":[{"name":"L.N. Fonseka and B.K. Woo"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"World J Psychiatry","accessDate":null,"startPage":182,"volume":13,"footnoteNumber":28,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-29","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02093-8","name":"Australia to prescribe MDMA and psilocybin for PTSD and depression in world first","authors":[{"name":"R. Haridy"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nature.com","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":29,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-30","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-023-00199-3","name":"Brain–computer interface: trends, challenges, and threats","authors":[{"name":"B. Maiseli et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Brain Inf.","accessDate":null,"startPage":20,"volume":10,"footnoteNumber":30,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-31","url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000260","name":"TDCS in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: Sham-Controlled Randomized Double-Blind Study","authors":[{"name":"A. Thibaut et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Neurology","accessDate":null,"startPage":1112,"volume":82,"footnoteNumber":31,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-32","url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.17.24314458","name":"A human brain network linked to restoration of consciousness after deep brain stimulation","authors":[{"name":"A.E.L. Warren et al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Medrxiv","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":32,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-33","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-021-00227-8","name":"Closed-Loop Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: Towards Personalized Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Psychiatric Illnesses","authors":[{"name":"F. Frohlich and L. Townsend"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep","accessDate":null,"startPage":51,"volume":8,"footnoteNumber":33,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-34","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01480-w","name":"Closed-loop neuromodulation in an individual with treatment-resistant depression","authors":[{"name":"K. Scangos et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Med","accessDate":null,"startPage":1696,"volume":27,"footnoteNumber":34,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-35","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00543-8","name":"Neurons as will and representation","authors":[{"name":"I. Fried"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat Rev Neurosci","accessDate":null,"startPage":104,"volume":23,"footnoteNumber":35,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-36","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.042","name":"Functional sensory circuits built from neurons of two species","authors":[{"name":"B.T. Throesch et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Cell","accessDate":null,"startPage":2143,"volume":187,"footnoteNumber":36,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b656","name":"Beyond-human consciousness","path":"/sub-topics/beyond-human-consciousness","outlineNumber":"2.4.4","slug":"beyond-human-consciousness","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","slug":"future-of-consciousness","path":"/topics/future-of-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"In humans it may be possible to augment normal consciousness using drugs, neurotechnology or genetic interventions, as evidenced by experiments in animals.[37](/citation/2025-02-2-4-37/) Some researchers have used wearable technologies or implants to give themselves magnetic senses, for instance,[38](/citation/2025-02-2-4-38/) or the ability to cross modalities and feel sound.[39](/citation/2025-02-2-4-39/)  "},"description":{"text":"Newly developed brain-to-brain interfaces — currently possible invasively in animals[40](/citation/2025-02-2-4-40/) and non-invasively in humans[41](/citation/2025-02-2-4-41/) — may allow direct communication between two brains without involving the peripheral nervous system, instantiating intelligence and perhaps consciousness that has a distributed or collective aspect.[42](/citation/2025-02-2-4-42/) In addition, two-person fMRI scanning and hyperscanning[43](/citation/2025-02-2-4-43/) is opening up new possibilities of shared experience leading to some form of shared consciousness.[44](/citation/2025-02-2-4-44/)\n\nExperiments in robotics are indicating that robots might learn the ability to think in abstract terms, planning and estimating the outcomes of prospective actions without the need to physically execute them. This may have application in averting workplace accidents and recovering from damage.[45](/citation/2025-02-2-4-45/) Via brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), robot self-simulation may also open up pathways for humans to augment their experience. There is scope for human-machine hybrid “teams” to improve industrial decision-making and other tasks.[46](/citation/2025-02-2-4-46/)"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e897a063d1c853e9788c0f","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-4-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.4_sub_anti_2026_v2bcsg","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760073616/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-4-4-sub-anti-2026_image__2.4.4_sub_anti_2026_v2bcsg.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b4","name":"2.4.4 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-4-4-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"The era of consciousness-engineering and meta-humans arrives"},"description":{"text":"Increasing understanding of the neurobiology of consciousness coupled with major advances  in neuro-AI establishes consciousness engineering as a major discipline. For a sector of society, permanent connections with machines create blurred boundaries between different selves and between natural and artificial realities. It becomes possible to better incorporate the perspectives of other people and other species within an individual’s experience."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b3","name":"2.4.4 - 10-year horizon","slug":"2-4-4-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Engineered body enhancements become available"},"description":{"text":"Targeted gene therapy allows augmentation of sensory scope, such as “seeing” in the infrared part of the spectrum, and a few body-hacking enthusiasts choose to augment their natural senses with new engineered ones. VR and AI-driven simulation allows us to visit the future and the past by making immersive, realistic “dress rehearsals” for future events and by putting us into our own memories. "},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b2","name":"2.4.4 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-4-4-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Humans begin to adopt augmentations"},"description":{"text":"There is greater adoption of wearable or remotely controllable robotic technologies in factories and for special applications. A new online database of nootropic drugs seeks to track them and make clinicians aware of their effects and proliferation. BCIs move beyond labs toward new, more diverse use cases. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) offer visual overlays representing other people’s heart rate and blood pressure, letting willing participants “see” each others’ inner emotional state.** Brain interfaces allow for direct communication between two brains, bringing us a step closer to a “social network of brains.”"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aaf3","value":"0.625","numericValue":0.625,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68eddd7daf9e6d6d63270e9a","value":"0.680","numericValue":0.68,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-37","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5887","name":"Restoring light sensitivity using tunable near-infrared sensors","authors":[{"name":"D. Nelidova et al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Science","accessDate":null,"startPage":1108,"volume":368,"footnoteNumber":37,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-38","url":"https://doi: 10.1109/UKRICIS.2010.5898141","name":"A novel human-machine interface using subdermal magnetic implants","authors":[{"name":"J. Hameed et al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"IEEE 9th International Conference on Cybernetic Intelligent Systems","accessDate":null,"startPage":2010,"volume":1,"footnoteNumber":38,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-39","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4346-1","name":"Using space and time to encode vibrotactile information: toward an estimate of the skin’s achievable throughput","authors":[{"name":"S.D. Novich and David Eagleman"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Experimental Brain Research","accessDate":null,"startPage":2777,"volume":233,"footnoteNumber":39,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-40","url":"doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.656943","name":"Direct Communication Between Brains: A Systematic PRISMA Review of Brain-To-Brain Interface’","authors":[{"name":"C.S. Nam et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Front. Neurorobot","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":15,"footnoteNumber":40,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-41","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41895-7","name":"A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains","authors":[{"name":"L. Jiang et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Sci Rep","accessDate":null,"startPage":6115,"volume":9,"footnoteNumber":41,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-42","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01177","name":"Multi-Person Brain-To-Brain Interfaces: Ethical Issues","authors":[{"name":"E. Hildt"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Front. Neurosci.","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":13,"footnoteNumber":42,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-43","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irbm.2011.01.002","name":"From social behaviour to brain synchronization: review and perspectives in hyperscanning","authors":[{"name":"G. Dumas et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"IRBM","accessDate":null,"startPage":48,"volume":32,"footnoteNumber":43,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-44","url":"https://doi.org.10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00279","name":"Imaging Real-Time Tactile Interaction With Two-Person Dual-Coil fMRI","authors":[{"name":"V. Renvall et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Front Psychiatry","accessDate":null,"startPage":279,"volume":11,"footnoteNumber":44,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-45","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.12151","name":"Teaching Robots to Build Simulations of Themselves","authors":[{"name":"Y. Hu et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"ArXiv.org","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":45,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-4-46","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13595-8","name":"Hybrid decision-making in atmospheric plasma spraying enables human–machine teaming","authors":[{"name":"F. Bocklisch et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol","accessDate":null,"startPage":4941,"volume":132,"footnoteNumber":46,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]}}],"committeeMembers":[{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66c2843aae55546b43fe21f0","name":"Atsushi Iriki","slug":"atsushi-iriki","position":"Senior Researcher","path":"/people/atsushi-iriki","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66c2837eae55546b43fe21e3","name":"Atsushi Iriki||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"atsushi-iriki-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b0d4","name":"Christoph Koch","slug":"christoph-koch","position":"Global Expert","path":"/people/christoph-koch","badge":"2022","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b7de","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66f554b748837661683c5980","name":"Christopher Krupenye","slug":"christopher-krupenye","position":"– Assistant Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the  Director of the Social & Cognitive Origins group","path":"/people/christopher-krupenye","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66f554b148837661683c5979","name":"Christopher Krupenye||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"christopher-krupenye-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b115","name":"Frédérique de Vignemont","slug":"frederique-de-vignemont","position":"Global Expert","path":"/people/frederique-de-vignemont","badge":"2023","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b7f5","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness-1","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66b9548e5045be3258b25877","name":"Guillaume Dumas","slug":"guillaume-dumas","position":"Associate Professor","path":"/people/guillaume-dumas","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66c2d1489061b39ff3ff60bb","name":"Guillaume Dumas||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"guillaume-dumas-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66baf0bd815f2122be7bee6b","name":"Ken Paller","slug":"ken-paller","position":"Professor","path":"/people/ken-paller","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66c2d1aa9061b39ff3ff646e","name":"Ken Paller||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"ken-paller-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b1b7","name":"Mavi Sanchez-Vives","slug":"mavi-sanchez-vives","position":"Global Expert","path":"/people/mavi-sanchez-vives","badge":"2023","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b828","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness-5","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66f5540d48837661683c5964","name":"Megan Peters","slug":"megan-peters","position":"Associate Professor at the Department of Cognitive Sciences","path":"/people/megan-peters","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66f5540648837661683c595d","name":"Megan Peters||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"megan-peters-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b1b8","name":"Mel Slater","slug":"mel-slater","position":"Global Expert","path":"/people/mel-slater","badge":"2024","color":{"value":"#966993"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b829","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness, Augmented Reality","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness-augmented-reality","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"},{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}},{"id":"66fa4cd9509e3a5f0785026f","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Augmented Reality","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-augmented-reality-5","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ab"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b1bd","name":"Michael Herzog","slug":"michael-herzog","position":"Global Expert","path":"/people/michael-herzog","badge":"2023","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b82a","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness-2","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b1ce","name":"Mu-ming Poo","slug":"muming-poo","position":"Director Institute of Neurosciences","path":"/people/mu-ming-poo","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b830","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness-3","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}},{"id":"68b3d9033a80dfdcfcb35871","name":"Mu-ming Poo||Anticipation Committee Member|Cognitive Enhancement","slug":"mu-ming-poo-anticipation-committee-member-cognitive-enhancement","editions":[{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7aa"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b1e4","name":"Olaf Blanke","slug":"olaf-blanke","position":"Bertarelli Foundation Chair of Cognitive Neuroprosthetics","path":"/people/olaf-blanke","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66f512bc48837661683c5223","name":"Olaf Blanke||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"olaf-blanke-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}},{"id":"66f9f6000c1d37f97d91ef40","name":"||Anticipation Committee Chair|Cognitive Enhancement","slug":"anticipation-committee-chair-cognitive-enhancement-1","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66fba72d33c67eaee3de2947","name":"2021","slug":"2021"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7aa"}},{"id":"672cb655bfc23cb5b0944611","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Cognitive Enhancement","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-cognitive-enhancement","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7aa"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66b953cd5045be3258b25866","name":"Patrick Butlin","slug":"patrick-butlin","position":"Philosopher of Mind and Cognitive Science","path":"/people/patrick-butlin","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66c2d1249061b39ff3ff60a6","name":"Patrick Butlin||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"patrick-butlin-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66c2884dae55546b43fe2211","name":"Ryota Kanai","slug":"ryota-kanai","position":"Founder and CEO","path":"/people/ryota-kanai","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66c2883aae55546b43fe220a","name":"Ryota Kanai||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"ryota-kanai-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66b425a5dd20bd94d75d4af9","name":"Sahba Besharati","slug":"sahba-besharati","position":"Neuropsychologist / Senior Lecturer","path":"/people/sahba-besharati","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66c2d0e39061b39ff3ff609b","name":"Sahba Besharati||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"sahba-besharati-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66f5558648837661683c59ab","name":"Simon Brown","slug":"simon-brown","position":"– Postdoctoral researcher for the Foundations of Animal Sentience (ASENT) programme","path":"/people/simon-brown","badge":"2025","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66f5553148837661683c5988","name":"Simon Brown||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"simon-brown-anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b284","name":"Wolf Singer","slug":"wolf-singer","position":"Global Expert","path":"/people/wolf-singer","badge":"2023","color":{"value":"#44AFCD"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"65c55d5b9e947c438698b864","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-future-of-consciousness-4","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]}],"committeeChairs":[{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"65c55d249e947c438698b128","name":"Giulio Tononi","slug":"giulio-tononi","position":"Professor / Director","path":"/people/giulio-tononi","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_person/giulio-tononi","title":"Giulio Tononi","image":{"id":"image_gesda-22/person/giulio-tononi_photo__Giulio_Tononi_rtlv4p","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668987157/gesda-22/person/giulio-tononi_photo__Giulio_Tononi_rtlv4p.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"id":"thumbnails-card-file_gesda-22/person/giulio-tononi_photo__Giulio_Tononi_rtlv4p","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1668987157/gesda-22/person/giulio-tononi_photo__Giulio_Tononi_rtlv4p.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1668987157/gesda-22/person/giulio-tononi_photo__Giulio_Tononi_rtlv4p.jpg"}}}},"organisation":{"id":"65c55d059e947c438698ad55","name":"Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness","slug":"wisconsin-institute-for-sleep-and-consciousness"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66daaf9660475bb85b11256e","name":"||Anticipation Committee Chair|Future of Consciousness","slug":"anticipation-committee-chair-future-of-consciousness-1","editions":[{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}}]},{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"66e0fbb69a33e6de96c08a25","name":"Itzak Fried","slug":"itzak-fried","position":"Professor of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences in the David Geffen School of Medicine and Brain Research Institute","path":"/people/itzak-fried","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_person/itzak-fried","title":"Itzak Fried","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/person/itzak-fried_photo__Itzhak-Fried_uwrk8f","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1726020526/gesda-platform/person/itzak-fried_photo__Itzhak-Fried_uwrk8f.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"id":"thumbnails-card-file_gesda-platform/person/itzak-fried_photo__Itzhak-Fried_uwrk8f","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1726020526/gesda-platform/person/itzak-fried_photo__Itzhak-Fried_uwrk8f.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1726020526/gesda-platform/person/itzak-fried_photo__Itzhak-Fried_uwrk8f.jpg"}}}},"organisation":{"id":"65c55d059e947c438698ad06","name":"UCLA","slug":"ucla"},"topicExpertise":[{"id":"66f9f9920c1d37f97d91f343","name":"Itzak Fried||Anticipation Committee Chair|Future of Consciousness","slug":"itzak-fried-anticipation-committee-chair-future-of-consciousness","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad"}},{"id":"66fa6e8b509e3a5f078524ab","name":"||Anticipation Committee Member|Cognitive Enhancement","slug":"anticipation-committee-member-cognitive-enhancement-6","editions":[{"id":"66ab1bac36a8f2f336a557ba","name":"2023","slug":"2023"},{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024"},{"id":"66ab1ba336a8f2f336a557b5","name":"2022","slug":"2022"},{"id":"66fba72d33c67eaee3de2947","name":"2021","slug":"2021"}],"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7aa"}}]}]}}},"pageContext":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ad","name":"Future of Consciousness","slug":"future-of-consciousness","entityPath":"/topics/future-of-consciousness","entityTypeName":"Topic","__type":"Topic"}},
    "staticQueryHashes": ["1044227382","1071300789","1158597448","1242646999","1427075558","1452322194","1520036161","1586309863","1606754935","1734835243","1816168740","1903214493","1989845544","2034981229","2097402925","2181044613","239250450","2409034939","2463401854","2612382444","2862279633","2910164142","2912920178","2955142335","3005265507","3073584486","3124191253","3172506128","3320076387","3624873332","364221563","3665990662","3692255024","3778988535","3782604890","4091857177","4216505212","701411134","758936535","881103158"]}