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The third is the development of comprehensive in silico models of developmental processes. This pairing of fundamental knowledge and emergent technologies has rendered engineering (and re-engineering) the components of our bodies increasingly practical.\n\nThese developments are likely to have considerable benefits for human health and well-being. However, it is crucial to separate true potential from utopian hype. A great deal of venture-capital money has been thrown at the prospect of reversing ageing and radically extending human lifespans, for instance, but there are more immediate and wide-reaching benefits from tackling major killers such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as chronic conditions like bone degeneration and immune suppression. Lab-grown “organoids” may ultimately offer an alternative to organ donation. Furthermore, an improved understanding of embryonic development may lead to treatments for a host of congenital conditions.\n\nDespite this potential, the complexity of the systems in the human body remains a challenge. “Digital twins” of the human body[2](/citation/2025-02-2-5-2/) may help here,[3](/citation/2025-02-2-5-3/) as will the development of new technologies and therapeutics.[4](/citation/2025-02-2-5-4/) Likewise, specialised AIs that can sift through the vast datasets on human biology are likely to offer great insights. Studying how extreme environments like space affect our biology will also aid our understanding.[5](/citation/2025-02-2-5-5/) \n\nThere are also profound issues of ethics and social acceptance. For instance, some technologies require working with human embryos. Many people are also wary of anything they perceive as unnatural. Sustained, long-term public engagement is required: the successful use of pronuclear transfer to enable UK children to be born without mitochondrial disease, begun 25 years ago through early conversations with policy-makers, media and regulators, offers a good model.[6](/citation/2025-02-2-5-6/)\n\n\n**KEY TAKEAWAYS**\n\nIt is increasingly possible to exert control over how cells behave and even how they develop. Scaled up, these technologies offer the prospect of engineering entire tissues. **Cellular (re-)programming and tissue development** are leading to new therapeutics. In parallel, researchers have developed methods to study the rules governing development. **Organoids** are simplified replicas of organs that can be grown in a lab: they enable the study of processes that were previously inaccessible. The large amount of data emerging from these systems is driving the development of in-silico “digital twins” of organ functions and early human development, which should further accelerate our understanding of fundamental developmental processes and interventions that lead to better health. Similarly, **model embryos** allow researchers to study how human embryos develop. Both technologies could ultimately lead to treatments for congenital conditions. In the longer term, researchers may be able to create **synthetic human genomes**. This represents a huge technical challenge, but offers the possibility of understanding and perhaps eliminating a host of inherited conditions. \n"},"intro":{"text":"Re-engineering human biology is increasingly possible, largely thanks to the convergence of three developments."},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"Three fundamental questions guide GESDA’s mission and drive its work: Who are we, as humans? How can we all live together? How can we ensure the well-being of humankind and the sustainable future of our planet? We asked researchers from the field to anticipate what impact future breakthroughs could have on each of these dimensions. This wheel summarises their opinions when considering each of these questions, with a higher score indicating high anticipated impact, and vice versa.\n\n* Anticipated impact on who we are as humans\n* Anticipated impact on how we will all live together\n* Anticipated impact on the well-being of humankind and sustainable future of our planet"},"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aac3","value":"0.537","numericValue":0.537,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68a687b50ac1330579fd78b9","value":"0.608","numericValue":0.608,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024","numericValue":2024},{"id":"684951c963371e51d83bdf31","name":"2025","slug":"2025","numericValue":2025}],"anticipatoryImpactImage":{"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/psp-pl-2-25-2-5_image__PSP-PL2_25_2.5_safsbv","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760070130/gesda-platform/image-asset/psp-pl-2-25-2-5_image__PSP-PL2_25_2.5_safsbv.webp"}},"embeds":{"citations":[{"id":"691a78c8c0043bba84a9e025","slug":"2025-02-2-5-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.203092","name":"Human developmental biology – a global perspective","authors":[{"id":"691a78c8c0043bba84a9e023","name":"A. T. Clark et al.","slug":"a-t-clark-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Development","accessDate":null,"startPage":203092,"volume":151,"footnoteNumber":1,"year":null},{"id":"691a78c9c0043bba84a9e029","slug":"2025-02-2-5-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44287-024-00025-w","name":"A roadmap for the development of human body digital twins","authors":[{"id":"691a78c9c0043bba84a9e027","name":"C. Tang et al.","slug":"c-tang-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","accessDate":null,"startPage":199,"volume":1,"footnoteNumber":2,"year":null},{"id":"691a78c9c0043bba84a9e02d","slug":"2025-02-2-5-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42454-022-00041-x","name":"A unified view of a human digital twin","authors":[{"id":"691a78c9c0043bba84a9e02b","name":"M. E. Miller and E. 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The need for multilateral action is highest for **Organoids**. **Synthetic human genomes** still require 20 years of significant work before reaching maturity, and progress in this area remains highly uncertain."},"color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD","darkValue":"#045059","veryDarkValue":"#011b1e"},"banner":{"id":"6a923e119d83c3b6c14853c3","name":"\"broken symmetry\" by Yuliia Romaniuk, EPFL","description":{"text":"\"broken symmetry\" by Yuliia Romaniuk, EPFL"},"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/banner/broken-symmetry-by-yuliia-romaniuk-epfl_image__22broken_symmetry_22_by_Yuliia_Romaniuk_EPFL_b16a0g","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1787969025/gesda-platform/banner/broken-symmetry-by-yuliia-romaniuk-epfl_image__22broken_symmetry_22_by_Yuliia_Romaniuk_EPFL_b16a0g.jpg","thumbnails":{"mainBanner":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_1440/v1787969025/gesda-platform/banner/broken-symmetry-by-yuliia-romaniuk-epfl_image__22broken_symmetry_22_by_Yuliia_Romaniuk_EPFL_b16a0g.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_2880/v1787969025/gesda-platform/banner/broken-symmetry-by-yuliia-romaniuk-epfl_image__22broken_symmetry_22_by_Yuliia_Romaniuk_EPFL_b16a0g.jpg"}}}},"chartImage":null,"citations":[{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-5-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.203092","name":"Human developmental biology – a global perspective","authors":[{"id":"691a78c8c0043bba84a9e023","name":"A. 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Miller and E. Spatz","slug":"m-e-miller-and-e-spatz"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Human-Intelligent Systems Integration","accessDate":null,"startPage":23,"volume":4,"footnoteNumber":3,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-5-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.132","name":"Designing human digital twins for behaviour-changing therapy and rehabilitation: a systematic review","authors":[{"id":"691a78cac0043bba84a9e02f","name":"M. W. Lauer-Schmaltz et al.","slug":"m-w-lauer-schmaltz-et-al"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Proceedings of the Design Society","accessDate":null,"startPage":1303,"volume":2,"footnoteNumber":4,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-5-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092651","name":"Beyond the horizon: why space biology is the next great innovation opportunity","authors":[{"id":"691a78cac0043bba84a9e033","name":"C. Kern and K. Siew","slug":"c-kern-and-k-siew"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Experimental Physiology","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":5,"year":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Citation","_schema":{"label":"Citation","pluralLabel":"Citations"},"typeLabel":"Journal","slug":"2025-02-2-5-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2507753","name":"Reducing the risks of mitochondrial disease in children","authors":[{"id":"691a78cbc0043bba84a9e037","name":"R. Lovell-Badge","slug":"r-lovell-badge"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"The New England Journal of Medicine","accessDate":null,"startPage":500,"volume":393,"footnoteNumber":6,"year":null}],"subTopics":[{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b674","name":"Cellular (re-)programming and tissue development","path":"/sub-topics/cellular-re-programming-and-tissue-development","outlineNumber":"2.5.1","slug":"cellular-re-programming-and-tissue-development","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7ba","slug":"engineering-human-biology","path":"/topics/engineering-human-biology"},"intro":{"text":"Through a deeper understanding of the structures and processes within living cells, scientists are learning how to reprogram human cells. [7](/citation/2025-02-2-5-7/) Cellular reprogramming can be used to reverse age-related changes in cells.[8](/citation/2025-02-2-5-8/) This enables the mechanisms of human ageing to be studied in vitro.[9](/citation/2025-02-2-5-9/) It may also shed light on developmental disorders.[10](/citation/2025-02-2-5-10/) By partially rejuvenating cells while retaining their identity,[11](/citation/2025-02-2-5-11/) it may be possible to restore lost immune function[12](/citation/2025-02-2-5-12/) and other ageing-related health conditions.[13](/citation/2025-02-2-5-13/) There is also potential to use viral vectors to reprogram specific cells: for instance, reprogramming cancer cells in such a way that the immune system attacks and destroys them.[14](/citation/2025-02-2-5-14/)"},"description":{"text":"\n\nOn a larger scale, these and other techniques can be used to grow tissues and organs to order. To achieve this, it is necessary to first understand how those tissues develop naturally, and research is under way on a host of body parts, including the immune system, heart,[15](/citation/2025-02-2-5-15/) muscle,[16](/citation/2025-02-2-5-16/) breasts[17](/citation/2025-02-2-5-17/) and skin.[18](/citation/2025-02-2-5-18/) Replicating the three-dimensional structures of organs and how they change over time will be difficult, but bioprinting will enable this,[19](/citation/2025-02-2-5-19/) and AI is also likely to help optimise tissue engineering.[20](/citation/2025-02-2-5-20/)\n\nTissue engineers have worked for decades to develop “scaffolds” on which tissues can be grown.[21](/citation/2025-02-2-5-21/) Originally made from synthetics, these are increasingly made from biological materials such as human collagen,[22](/citation/2025-02-2-5-22/) biological films[23](/citation/2025-02-2-5-23/) and decellularised matrices.[24](/citation/2025-02-2-5-24/) It is vital to understand how the developing tissues interact with these scaffolds.[25](/citation/2025-02-2-5-25/)\n\nA key challenge is to ensure that implanted cells and tissues do not cause harm. It is becoming possible to “cloak” the cells by adding and then overexpressing a set of immune genes, enabling the introduced cells to survive long-term.[26](/citation/2025-02-2-5-26/) Another promising precaution is a “safety switch”[27](/citation/2025-02-2-5-27/) that enables the cells to be quickly killed if they prove harmful[28](/citation/2025-02-2-5-28/) — or, preferably, multiple safety switches for redundancy.[29](/citation/2025-02-2-5-29/) "},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e8a34963d1c853e9788ce7","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-1-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.1_sub_anti_2026_idgifn","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760076604/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-1-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.1_sub_anti_2026_idgifn.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b7","name":"2.5.1 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-5-1-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Complex circuits and organs are created"},"description":{"text":"Researchers learn how to engineer cells into highly complex circuits and organs. The human genome becomes editable in a systematic, large-scale fashion, enabling the creation of human cells that perform wholly novel functions.\n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b6","name":"2.5.1 - 10-year horizon","slug":"2-5-1-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Reprogramming comes of age"},"description":{"text":"Cellular and tissue reprogramming are achieved at high efficiency with larger groups of cells. Adult tissues are reprogrammed to become another tissue type, enabling organ repair. Research enables control of cell division."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b5","name":"2.5.1 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-5-1-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Practical engineering solutions emerge"},"description":{"text":"Researchers identify sets of rules that determine cell-fate decisions. Improved substrates for tissue culture lead to more realistic cultured tissues. AI-based models of epigenetic gene regulation enable rational engineering of the epigenome.\n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa92","value":"0.563","numericValue":0.563,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68edddccaf9e6d6d63270eab","value":"0.620","numericValue":0.62,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-5-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.001","name":"AI in cellular engineering and reprogramming","authors":[{"name":"S. 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Pitrez et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nature Communications","accessDate":null,"startPage":1816,"volume":15,"footnoteNumber":9,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-5-10","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn9793","name":"In vitro cellular reprogramming to model gonad development and its disorders","authors":[{"name":"N. Gonen et al."}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Science Advances","accessDate":null,"startPage":9793,"volume":9,"footnoteNumber":10,"year":null},{"slug":"2025-02-2-5-11","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2025.102737","name":"Conserved biological processes in partial cellular reprogramming: relevance to aging and rejuvenation","authors":[{"name":"R A. 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They are an increasingly valuable tool for understanding human development, including the progression of inherited diseases.[30](/citation/2025-02-2-5-30/) Ultimately, organoids could replace a great deal of animal testing.[31](/citation/2025-02-2-5-31/)"},"description":{"text":"Organoids have been developed for many body systems, including the intestines,[32](/citation/2025-02-2-5-32/) kidneys,[33](/citation/2025-02-2-5-33/) bone marrow,[34](/citation/2025-02-2-5-34/) cartilage[35](/citation/2025-02-2-5-35/) and neurons.[36](/citation/2025-02-2-5-36/) It has also proved possible to create “gastruloids” that mimic some of the earliest stages of embryonic development.[37](/citation/2025-02-2-5-37/) Furthermore, organoids can be used to simulate the growth of tumours, shedding light on the internal mechanisms of cancers.[38](/citation/2025-02-2-5-38/)\n\nTo create more realistic organoids, it will be necessary to add in more cells and complex tissues. For example, living organs have a blood supply, which affects their development and function.[39](/citation/2025-02-2-5-39/) Researchers are now developing ways to create vascularised organoids,[40](/citation/2025-02-2-5-40/) but the next generation may also need a lymphatic system and other additions.\n\nUltimately, organoids could be used to create replacement tissues and organs, serving as an alternative to organ donation. However, at present the culturing of organoids is inefficient, and it is difficult to upscale them to model more complex tissues. For clinical purposes, it will be necessary to validate organoids against “real” tissues or organs, and this is challenging because the necessary in-vitro data is frequently unavailable. One useful benchmark is the Human Cell Atlas[41](/citation/2025-02-2-5-41/): however, for testing organoids it would be necessary to create an atlas showing how cells and tissues change during development.\n\nAs a result, organoids are not ready to be widely used clinically.[42](/citation/2025-02-2-5-42/) Improvements may emerge from integrating organoids with the related field of organ-on-a-chip,[43](/citation/2025-02-2-5-43/) and from the use of AI to optimise the construction.[44](/citation/2025-02-2-5-44/)\n"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e89ad663d1c853e9788c39","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-2-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.2_sub_anti_2026_a6fei8","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760074440/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-2-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.2_sub_anti_2026_a6fei8.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7ba","name":"2.5.2 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-5-2-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Organoids provide new transplant opportunities"},"description":{"text":"AI-based systems optimise the maturation of organoids into organs. 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More in-vivo data enables organoids to be validated against real organs.\n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7b8","name":"2.5.2 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-5-2-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Organoids move beyond the basic"},"description":{"text":"Organoids are created with blood supplies and lymphatic systems. Microfluidic devices enable multiple organoids to be connected and their interactions studied.\n"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aaa9","value":"0.456","numericValue":0.456,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68edddfdaf9e6d6d63270eba","value":"0.630","numericValue":0.63,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-5-30","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-024-00804-1","name":"Modelling human brain development and disease with organoids","authors":[{"name":"M. 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Considerable challenges must be overcome if this is to come to fruition: at present, it is difficult to make model embryos that are both high-fidelity and controllable.[52](/citation/2025-02-2-5-52/) Model embryos would also benefit from a degree of standardisation.[53](/citation/2025-02-2-5-53/) Digital twins of model embryos may enable us to improve our methods here.\n\nModel embryos pose challenging ethical and regulatory questions because they blur the line between cell cultures and human beings. At present, researchers often deliberately simplify their model embryos: this ensures they stay within regulations, at the cost of limiting the insights that can be gleaned. The UK created new rules to guide model embryo research in 2024,[54](/citation/2025-02-2-5-54/) but these will surely not be the last word on the matter. It may be necessary to reconsider legal norms around the beginnings of development[55](/citation/2025-02-2-5-55/) and to create distinct regulatory systems for model embryos.[56](/citation/2025-02-2-5-56/) Such regulations should also anticipate potential downstream developments, such as growing viable embryos from stem cells, and even “ectogenesis” — growing a human fetus entirely outside the womb.[57](/citation/2025-02-2-5-57/)"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e89f4363d1c853e9788c99","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-3-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.3_sub_anti_2026_zmyi8b","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760075574/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-3-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.3_sub_anti_2026_zmyi8b.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7bd","name":"2.5.3 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-5-3-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Research gives better pregnancy-related treatments"},"description":{"text":"Model-embryo research leads to improved treatments for pregnancy-related conditions such as miscarriage, endometriosis and pre-eclampsia. Full ectogenesis is achieved in mice. Engineered model embryos perform useful functions and synthesise desirable molecules. Researchers achieve in-vitro production of sperm and egg cells (gametogenesis) from adult human cells."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7bc","name":"2.5.3 - 10-year horizon","slug":"2-5-3-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Model-embryo research improves IVF outcomes"},"description":{"text":"Model-embryo research contributes to improved IVF success rates. Cells derived from patients with congenital conditions are converted into model embryos, leading to insights into the conditions — including how the first four weeks of pregnancy shape long-term health. Researchers gain a deeper understanding of how human embryogenesis differs from key model animals such as mice. Model embryos of animals are taken through to the fetal stage of development."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7bb","name":"2.5.3 - 5-year horizon","slug":"2-5-3-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Improved model embryos are allowed to develop for longer"},"description":{"text":"Model embryos proceed further along their developmental trajectory. Improved culture methods create more realistic model embryos."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698ab09","value":"0.579","numericValue":0.579,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"68edde31af9e6d6d63270ec9","value":"0.560","numericValue":0.56,"year":2025,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2025-02-2-5-45","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06604-5","name":"Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells","authors":[{"name":"B. 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The Wellcome Trust has funded the Synthetic Human Genome Project (SynHG)[58](/citation/2025-02-2-5-58/) with the aim of creating a synthetic human chromosome — a significant fraction of the genome — in the next decade.[59](/citation/2025-02-2-5-59/) The technology and workflows developed to achieve this could then be refined to create an entire genome."},"description":{"text":"The project builds on previous work to create simpler synthetic genomes,[60](/citation/2025-02-2-5-60/) beginning with viruses and bacteria,[61](/citation/2025-02-2-5-61/) and to “upload” these artificial genomes into living organisms.[62](/citation/2025-02-2-5-62/) Following early proof-of-concept work, researchers have begun creating synthetic genomes that are heavily modified from the originals.[63](/citation/2025-02-2-5-63/)\n\nSynthesising and booting up entire genomes remains challenging, however.[64](/citation/2025-02-2-5-64/) Consequently, many steps in the workflow will need to be optimised before a complete human genome is synthesised. Likewise, it will be necessary to obtain a fuller understanding of the functions of the “natural” human genome[65](/citation/2025-02-2-5-65/) if researchers are to safely design a synthetic version. \n\nIn parallel with the technical developments, public dialogue and governance is essential. The public’s expectations will be shaped by early proof-of-concept research, as will industry interest. Regulators will need to develop new frameworks to govern synthetic human genomes, especially if they are used therapeutically or for human enhancement.\n"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"68e89ea063d1c853e9788c8a","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-4-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.4_sub_anti_2026_upovqo","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760075411/gesda-platform/image-asset/2-5-4-sub-anti-2026_image__2.5.4_sub_anti_2026_upovqo.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7c0","name":"2.5.4 - 25-year horizon","slug":"2-5-4-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Creating a synthetic human genome becomes feasible"},"description":{"text":"The first completely synthetic human genome is achieved, along with the creation of cells and/or tissues, based on synthetic chromosomes, that are virus-resistant."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a7bf","name":"2.5.4 - 10-year horizon","slug":"2-5-4-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"AI improves synthesis"},"description":{"text":"Multiple synthetic human chromosomes are created, and therapies based on synthetic human chromosomes are enabled by AI-enhanced design. 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