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    "result": {"data":{"platform":{"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7a8","slug":"advances-science-diplomacy","name":"Advances in Science Diplomacy","path":"/topics/advances-in-science-diplomacy","__typename":"Platform_Topic","created":"2021-07-26T04:53:29.00","published":null,"doiId":null,"outlineNumber":null,"trend":null,"description":{"text":"The products of science are increasingly celebrated as drivers of global health, sustainable development and wealth creation. However, science and technology are also sources of tension and competition between nations or regions. The COVID-19 crisis highlighted the role of science on the international stage, how it rapidly advanced novel vaccine technologies, and how cooperation over these vaccines became a crucial part of the currency of international negotiations, diplomacy and geopolitics. But conflict also plays a role in mediating the influence of science and technology. Situations such as the war in Ukraine are revealing how careful states need to be with powerful technologies, the way they are transferred and how they are used.\n\nClimate change is one of the many key proving grounds for this work — especially with the rapid opening of ice-free routes through the Arctic Ocean and the geopolitical tensions this is creating. “Big science” projects are also part of this diplomatic landscape, requiring long-term technical and diplomatic engagement among a broad group of stakeholders. These diverse groups must also find ways to manage traditional and emerging global commons fairly and effectively. A final challenge is to find ways to train science diplomats, build capacities and evaluate this work, to create a continual cycle of learning and improvement in the practice of science diplomacy.\n\nThe nature and complexity of reciprocal benefits in science is likely to become a more important part of the landscape for science diplomacy, particularly with regional science-diplomacy projects providing a new way to navigate rivalries between bigger global powers. New skill sets and training for science diplomats will be needed to fully explore reciprocity in science.\n\n**KEY TAKEAWAYS**\n\nScience diplomacy plays an important role in a world that is increasingly dominated by issues of science and technology, and frequently fractured by economic and geopolitical events. Researching the use of **Science diplomacy for effective multilateralism**, for example, can establish successful means of communication and negotiation through shared interests and goals, as well as understanding how science and technology diplomacy is used to further one-sided interests and compete in global markets. The rising influence of private technology firms and local and regional concerns means that **Technology diplomacy and the role of non-state actors** is an urgent area of research, helping to establish new norms and practices. There is also a growing need to study the effects of alignment between **Science diplomacy and emerging economies**, since smaller nations are banding together in science and technology projects that increase both their effectiveness and their influence on the global stage. Research is also under way into the role of **Science diplomacy as a response to conflict- and inequality-driven tensions**; properly grounding this area of study in evidence-based discussion will be crucial to enabling science diplomacy to flourish as a means of establishing trust and cooperation. "},"intro":{"text":"The field of science diplomacy research seeks to establish an evidence-informed foundation for supporting and empowering the increasingly diverse set of stakeholders who practise science diplomacy. These are not just nations but non-governmental actors, groups of citizens and Indigenous communities."},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"Three fundamental questions guide GESDA’s mission and drive its work: Who are we, as humans? How can we all live together? How can we ensure the well-being of humankind and the sustainable future of our planet? We asked researchers from the field to anticipate what impact future breakthroughs could have on each of these dimensions. This wheel summarises their opinions when considering each of these questions, with a higher score indicating high anticipated impact, and vice versa.\n\n* Anticipated impact on who we are as humans\n* Anticipated impact on how we will all live together\n* Anticipated impact on the well-being of humankind and sustainable future of our planet"},"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa57","value":"0.465","numericValue":0.465,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"editions":[{"id":"66ab1bb636a8f2f336a557bf","name":"2024","slug":"2024","numericValue":2024}],"anticipatoryImpactImage":{"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/anticipatory-impact-chart-4-2-advances-in-science-diplomacy-2024_image__4.2_izsyrj","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1724642527/gesda-platform/image-asset/anticipatory-impact-chart-4-2-advances-in-science-diplomacy-2024_image__4.2_izsyrj.webp"}},"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]},"surveyObservations":{"text":"The importance of diplomacy in science and vice versa is becoming increasingly accepted. Nowhere is this more apparent than in our efforts to better manage our global commons, which was judged to have by far the highest potential for impact of the four topics investigated. Breakthroughs in this area are still some way off, however, with respondents predicting that maturity won't be achieved for another 14 years. Getting there will be a long-term project and will be impossible to achieve without breakthroughs in multi-stakeholder diplomacy, which will require considerably more attention going forward."},"color":null,"banner":{"id":"65c55ca69e947c4386989da9","name":"Banner - Topic 4.2","description":{"text":""},"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/banner/banner-topic-4-2_image__banner-topic-4_Header_csyjot","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1726643813/gesda-platform/banner/banner-topic-4-2_image__banner-topic-4_Header_csyjot.webp","thumbnails":{"mainBanner":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_1440/v1726643813/gesda-platform/banner/banner-topic-4-2_image__banner-topic-4_Header_csyjot.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_2880/v1726643813/gesda-platform/banner/banner-topic-4-2_image__banner-topic-4_Header_csyjot.webp"}}}},"chartImage":{"id":"65c55cee9e947c438698a968","slug":"chart-4-2-advances-science-diplomacy","image":{"id":"image_gesda-22/image-asset/chart-4-2-advances-science-diplomacy_image__TRR-4_5-TBC-01","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668986399/gesda-22/image-asset/chart-4-2-advances-science-diplomacy_image__TRR-4_5-TBC-01.png","url2x":null}},"citations":[],"subTopics":[{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b6a3","name":"Science diplomacy for effective multilateralism","path":"/sub-topics/science-diplomacy-for-effective-multilateralism","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"science-diplomacy-for-effective-multilateralism","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":null,"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7a8","slug":"advances-science-diplomacy","path":"/topics/advances-in-science-diplomacy"},"intro":{"text":"A key goal for science diplomacy is to find ways to balance strategic cooperation against competition. Science diplomacy has traditionally established itself as a way to use science as a “soft power” that can advance diplomatic objectives. The 50th anniversary of signing the Antarctic Treaty, for instance, engaged diplomatic and academic communities in the use of science diplomacy as a tool for improving multilateral relations. Commitments to science-based diplomacy have since been incorporated into national strategies and policies, opening new avenues for cooperation. This has been important in establishing positive communication and diplomacy, helping collaborative navigations of “global commons” issues such as COVID-19, climate change, exploitation of space, deep-sea mining and managing Arctic and Antarctic resources."},"description":{"text":"At the same time, however, the reality of global politics and geo-economics means that there are increasingly areas of tension that involve science and technology.[1](/citation/2024-04-4-2-1/) In the openness vs security dilemma, the rise in tensions between certain countries is leading to move the balance towards greater security, with traditionally open and liberal countries shifting their stance. Canada, for instance, has been applying a new “Policy on Sensitive Technology Research and Affiliations of Concern” since the beginning of 2024.[2](/citation/2024-04-4-2-2/)\n\nNegotiations over the location of key science projects such as the Future Circular Collider are all potential sources of conflict and competition: science diplomacy is being used to leverage national and regional power, calling into question the mainstream vision of science diplomacy as inherently at the service of peace."},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"65c55cee9e947c438698a9f6","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-1-science-diplomacy-for-effective-multilateralism-2024_image__4.2.1_lowjwo","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1726618704/gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-1-science-diplomacy-for-effective-multilateralism-2024_image__4.2.1_lowjwo.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a82f","name":"4.2.1 - 25-year horizon","slug":"4-2-1-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Trained experts in science diplomacy begin to steer policy"},"description":{"text":"Decades-long training initiatives mean that science and diplomacy-savvy professionals begin to reach positions of influence in their respective careers, fields and countries. The task of balancing national interests against multilateral interests remains challenging."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a82e","name":"4.2.1 - 10-year horizon","slug":"4-2-1-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Lunar exploration and regional concerns bring challenges"},"description":{"text":"Lunar missions from a number of nations highlight the necessity and importance of science diplomacy to tackle the issues these activities raise. As nations seek to shorten supply lines and strengthen trade links, new regional interest blocs emerge. This changes balances of geopolitical power, and science-resource sharing and collaborations openly mirror economic patterns."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a82d","name":"4.2.1 - 5-year horizon","slug":"4-2-1-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"National bodies call for action over resources held in common"},"description":{"text":"Studies of large parts of oceans protected from exploitation — Marine Protection Areas — provide evidence that international action can bring about significant beneficial change to global commons. Tensions between the US, Russia and China over Arctic resources grow more intense, involving science diplomats in both collaborative and competitive activities."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aab7","value":"0.452","numericValue":0.452,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-1","url":"https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2019/does-science-diplomacy-work-in-highly-competitive-technology-areas-analysis-eus-st","name":"Does Science Diplomacy Work in Highly Competitive Technology Areas? An Analysis of the EU’s S&T Cooperation with China in the Field of Solar Photovoltaics","authors":[{"name":"D. Gehrt"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Science and Diplomacy","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":1,"year":null},{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-2","url":"https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Media-Media/NewsDetail-DetailNouvelles_eng.asp?ID=1456","name":"Important Changes: Implementation of the Policy on Sensitive Technology Research and Affiliations of Concern","authors":[{"name":"N. Sciences"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca","accessDate":null,"startPage":null,"volume":null,"footnoteNumber":2,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b6ae","name":"Technology Diplomacy and the role of non-state actors","path":"/sub-topics/technology-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-non-state-actors","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"technology-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-non-state-actors","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":null,"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7a8","slug":"advances-science-diplomacy","path":"/topics/advances-in-science-diplomacy"},"intro":{"text":"Transnational companies and industry associations are gaining significant diplomatic influence over policy, pushing regulation — in the cases of AI, self-driving cars and deployment of orbital resources, for example — and creating tangible effects on policy."},"description":{"text":"The attempts at influence go both ways, however. Numerous nations (and groups of nations, such as the EU) have created “tech ambassador” roles and deployed these representatives to gather information, lobby and negotiate in Silicon Valley and other technology hubs around the world.[3](/citation/2024-04-4-2-3/)\n\nSometimes, technology diplomacy has to operate where the lines between nation-states and private companies are blurred, as with China’s Huawei and ZTE. There are also issues with technology companies offering a country a competitive edge or working in areas that involve national security sensitivities, such as supercomputing hardware. Here, tech diplomats must tread the fine line between corporate freedoms, global balances of power and issues of national interest — often with incomplete information due to the unwillingness of all parties to fully disclose all the relevant data.\n\nIn some regions, where regulatory environments are weak, lobbyists, activists and grass-roots organisations are pushing the boundaries of science with their work on anti-ageing therapies and gene editing, some of which can influence regulatory policy-making, and sometimes accelerate the pace of change. Even small-scale companies, if they are significant employers in a region, can influence local political decision-making and tech-related legislation.\n\nAll of these various initiatives demonstrate the rising importance of transnational, non-state and even individual or small-group actors to local and global governance, something that the field of science and tech diplomacy must navigate. [4](/citation/2024-04-4-2-4/) [5](/citation/2024-04-4-2-5/)"},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"65c55cee9e947c438698a9f7","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-2-technology-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-non-state-actors-2024_image__4.2.2_yvvzqt","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1726618739/gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-2-technology-diplomacy-and-the-role-of-non-state-actors-2024_image__4.2.2_yvvzqt.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a832","name":"4.2.2 - 25-year horizon","slug":"4-2-2-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Private sector actors are integrated in governance"},"description":{"text":"Private-sector actors pioneer new ways of achieving governance and agreement on exploitation of deep-sea, orbital and mineral resources for manufacturing. City and regional planners and policy-makers routinely seek advice from private company representatives and researchers working outside of academia."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a831","name":"4.2.2 - 10-year horizon","slug":"4-2-2-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Multi-stakeholder science diplomacy becomes the norm"},"description":{"text":"Science diplomacy efforts involve actors from city, state and regional governance as well as multinational companies, global science organisations and civic groups. Training schemes for science diplomats produce a growing number of graduates to meet burgeoning need. IPCC-like organisations with transnational responsibilities and influence are significant powers in the science diplomacy arena. Economic diplomacy is inextricably linked to science and technology diplomacy. Non-governmental actors develop greater influence on national strategies and become a significant factor in science diplomacy."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a830","name":"4.2.2 - 5-year horizon","slug":"4-2-2-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Science diplomacy and technology platforms shape each other"},"description":{"text":"The industrial and societal sector begins to influence science diplomacy in areas such as access to space and with respect to the lunar environment. Technology firms invest further in “ambassadors” who exist to seek ever-greater influence in transnational organisations such as the UN. Research in technology diplomacy achieves deeper elucidation of the issues where national security clashes with corporate freedoms. More embassies deploy an “attaché for innovation”."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aaad","value":"0.518","numericValue":0.518,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-15101094","name":"Diplomacy in the Digital Age: Lessons from Denmark’s TechPlomacy Initiative","authors":[{"name":"C. Klynge,"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"The Hague Journal of Diplomacy","accessDate":null,"startPage":185,"volume":15,"footnoteNumber":3,"year":null},{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12382","name":"City Diplomacy: Towards More Strategic Networking? Learning with WHO Healthy Cities","authors":[{"name":"M. Acuto,"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Global Policy","accessDate":null,"startPage":14,"volume":8,"footnoteNumber":4,"year":null},{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00602-y","name":"Barcelona’s Science Diplomacy: Towards an Ecosystem-Driven Internationalization Strategy","authors":[{"name":"A. Roig,"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","accessDate":null,"startPage":1,"volume":7,"footnoteNumber":5,"year":null}],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"65c55d4f9e947c438698b6a1","name":"Science diplomacy and emerging economies","path":"/sub-topics/science-diplomacy-and-emerging-economies","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"science-diplomacy-and-emerging-economies","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":null,"topic":{"id":"65c55d599e947c438698b7a8","slug":"advances-science-diplomacy","path":"/topics/advances-in-science-diplomacy"},"intro":{"text":"Science diplomacy has long played a part in maintaining good relations between economic world powers.[6](/citation/2024-04-4-2-6/) In recent years, CERN has extended this to embrace partnerships with the world’s emerging economies, such as Chile, India and Pakistan.[7](/citation/2024-04-4-2-7/) This has added new dimensions to diplomacy between the various nations involved."},"description":{"text":"There are, however, significant collaborations that involve exclusively emerging economies. Intergovernmental science organisations such as the African Lightsource, the Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) — a joint undertaking of Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and Cyprus — and the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency are all good examples of nations with emerging economies engaging in multilateral science diplomacy on their own terms. \n\nThe value of such endeavours in establishing credentials for global engagement is clear from South Africa’s success with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), a radio-telescope project that is showcasing the nation’s science and engineering talent, creating programmes to further develop its human capital and burnishing its reputation as a rising power on the world economic and intellectual stage. Although there are hurdles to overcome, there are clear reasons to encourage and pursue more such inclusive collaborations between countries of differing economic means.[8](/citation/2024-04-4-2-8/) At the same time, more and more emerging economies are taking an interest in science diplomacy as a means of moving towards greater scientific and technological development "},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"65c55cee9e947c438698a9f8","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-3-science-diplomacy-and-emerging-economies_image__4.2.3_vubpvi","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1726618783/gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-3-science-diplomacy-and-emerging-economies_image__4.2.3_vubpvi.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a835","name":"4.2.3 - 25-year horizon","slug":"4-2-3-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Emerging economies gain increasing influence over Big Science"},"description":{"text":"Large-scale science projects that involve cooperation between countries of different economic status are established thanks to complex, multi-layered negotiations between many state and non-state actors. Much of the progress is thanks to training initiatives where key groups of experts from a diverse range of nations are encouraged to develop skills spanning diplomacy and science."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a834","name":"4.2.3 - 10-year horizon","slug":"4-2-3-10-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Trained science diplomats are spread through relevant organisations"},"description":{"text":"Graduates from science diplomacy-focused training courses in emerging economies become increasingly influential actors in state and non-state organisations, and amongst leaders in science. The reciprocal benefits of research between disciplines, nations and peoples becomes an increasingly important part of science, and funding becomes dependent on establishing such mutual gains."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a833","name":"4.2.3 - 5-year horizon","slug":"4-2-3-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Emerging economies invest in science diplomacy training"},"description":{"text":"Universities and institutes work with emerging-economy nations to train numerous science diplomacy practitioners in these countries, often uniting on the basis of a shared language. Innovative immersive pairing schemes between politicians, engineers and scientists foster the mutual transfer of skill sets in a broad range of countries, establish science diplomacy as a regional endeavour and give a greater role to Indigenous peoples."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aa7e","value":"0.461","numericValue":0.461,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.1891851","name":"The Ways and Means of ITER: Reciprocity and Compromise in Fusion Science Diplomacy","authors":[{"name":"A. 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Nuclear diplomacy is also returning to the spotlight as these tensions escalate."},"description":{"text":"Science is certainly affected by conflict. The war in Ukraine, for example, has hindered some collaborations between scientists of different nations: because of Russia’s geographical position, these stymied collaborations are having direct effects on Arctic science and are likely to affect protections against exploitation of Arctic resources.[9](/citation/2024-04-4-2-9/)\n\nScience has recently become part of broader policies of sanctions between nation-states, as technology has become an interestingly important element of successful economies. More positively, it may be possible for scientists — working with science-diplomacy resources — to become drivers of positive change, shaping global research to give more equitable benefit from the outcomes of science."},"anticipationScores":{"text":"The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate: \n\n1. The *uncertainty* related to future science breakthroughs in the field\n2. The *transformative* *effect* anticipated breakthroughs may have on research and society\n3. The *scope for action* in the present in relation to anticipated breakthroughs. \n\nThis chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the *Anticipation Potential* for the topic. See [methodology](/science-anticipation/methodology) for more information."},"anticipationScoresImage":{"id":"65c55cee9e947c438698a9f9","image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-4-science-diplomacy-in-an-era-of-conflict-2024_image__4.2.4_ybn3xi","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1726618825/gesda-platform/image-asset/ic-4-2-4-science-diplomacy-in-an-era-of-conflict-2024_image__4.2.4_ybn3xi.webp","url2x":null,"width":1200,"height":1200}},"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a838","name":"4.2.4 - 25-year horizon","slug":"4-2-4-25-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Science diplomacy improves international relations"},"description":{"text":"The dual-use aspect of science diplomacy is recognised, and efforts are made to prioritise its use in avoiding conflict and establishing peaceful, collaborative and equitable futures. 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With increased training, individual scientists become more aware of their potential role in science diplomacy."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"65c55ce69e947c438698a836","name":"4.2.4 - 5-year horizon","slug":"4-2-4-5-year-horizon","intro":{"text":"Science diplomacy becomes a hard tool in international relations"},"description":{"text":"International scientific cooperation is increasingly weaponised as a means of participating in conflict. The majority of actors in the science diplomacy sphere nonetheless preserve inclusive and cooperative uses of science diplomacy as the most frequently deployed acts. Science diplomacy helps create projects and plans that contribute to peacekeeping efforts, inter-group negotiations and maintenance of stability."},"color":null,"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"65c55cf49e947c438698aab2","value":"0.429","numericValue":0.429,"year":2024,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[{"slug":"2024-04-4-2-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01903-1","name":"Towards an increasingly biased view on Arctic change","authors":[{"name":"E. López-Blanco"}],"authorShowsEtAl":null,"edition":null,"publication":"Nat. Clim. 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